Interplanetary Lasers This Presentation



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Interplanetary Lasers


This Presentation

  • Illustrating the current communications problem

  • Cost advantages of optical solution

  • Reasons for an Australian involvement



Exploration of Mars

  • Highlights the communications problem

  • Long term and substantial past and continuing international investment



Exploration of Mars

  • 1960 Two Soviet flyby attempts

  • 1962 Two more Soviet flyby attempts, Mars 1

  • 1964 Mariner 3, Zond 2

  • 1965 Mariner 4 (first flyby images)

  • 1969 Mariners 6 and 7

  • 1971 Mariners 8 and 9

  • 1971 Kosmos 419, Mars 2 & 3

  • 1973 Mars 4, 5, 6 & 7 (first landers)

  • 1975 Viking 1, 1976 Viking 2



Exploration of Mars

  • 1988 Phobos 1 and 2

  • 1992 Mars Observer

  • 1996 Mars 96

  • 1997 Mars Pathfinder, Mars Global Surveyor

  • 1998 Nozomi

  • 1999 Climate Orbiter, Polar Lander and Deep Space 2

  • 2001 Mars Odyssey



Planned Mars Exploration

  • 2003 Mars Express

  • 2004 Mars Exploration Rovers

  • 2005 Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter

  • 2007+ Scout Missions 2007

  • 2009 Smart Lander, Long Range Rover

  • 2014 Sample Return



Interplanetary Communication

  • Radio (microwave) links, spacecraft to Earth

  • Newer philosophy - communications relay (Mars Odyssey, MGS)

  • Sensible network topology

  • 25-W X-band (Ka-band experimental) <100 kbps downlink



Communications Bottleneck

  • Current missions capable of collecting much more data than downlink capabilities (2000%!)

  • Currently planned missions make the problem 10x worse

  • Future missions likely to collect ever-greater volumes of data



Communications Bottleneck



Communications Bottleneck

  • NASA presently upgrading DSN

  • NASA's perception of the problem is such that they are considering an array of 3600 twelve-metre dishes to accommodate currently foreseen communications needs for Mars alone



Communications Energy Budget



Communications Energy Budget



Communications Energy Budget



Long-term Solution

  • Optical communications networks



Long-term Solution

  • Optical communications networks



Long-term Solution

  • Optical communications networks

  • Advantages over radio

  • Higher modulation rates

  • More directed energy

  • Analagous to fibre optics vs. copper cables



Lasers in Space



Lasers in Space

  • Laser transmitter in Martian orbit with large aperture telescope



Lasers in Space

  • Laser transmitter in Martian orbit with large aperture telescope

  • Receiving telescope on or near Earth

  • Preliminary investigations suggest ~100Mbps achievable on 10 to 20 year timescale

  • Enabling technologies require accelerated development



Key Technologies

  • Suitable lasers

  • Telescope tracking and guiding

  • Optical detectors

  • Cost-effective large-aperture telescopes

  • Atmospheric properties

  • Space-borne telescopes



Optical spacecraft comms

  • ESA have already run intersatellite test

  • NASA/JPL and Japan presently researching the concept and expect space-ground communications tests in the near future



An Australian Role

  • Australian organisations have unique capabilities in the key technologies required for deep space optical communications links

  • Existing DSN involvement

  • High-power, high beam quality lasers

  • Holographic correction of large telescopes

  • Telescope-based instrumentation

  • Telescope tracking and guiding



The University of Adelaide

  • Optics Group, Department of Physics and Mathematical Physics

    • High power, high beam quality, scalable laser transmitter technology
    • Holographic mirror correction
    • Presently developing high power lasers and techniques for high optical power interferometry for the US Advanced LIGO detectors


Anglo-Australian Observatory

  • Telescope technology

  • Pointing and tracking systems

  • Atmospheric transmission (seeing, refraction)

  • Cryogenic and low noise detectors

  • Narrowband filter technology



Australian Centre for Space Photonics

  • Manage a portfolio of research projects in the key technologies for an interplanetary optical communications link

  • Work in close collaboration with overseas organizations such as NASA and JPL



Australian Centre for Space Photonics

  • Take advantage of unique Australian capabilities

  • Australian technology critical to deep space missions

  • Continued important role in space



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