Invariants Definitions and Invariants



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Invariants


Definitions and Invariants

  • A definition of a class means that given a list of properties:

    • For all props, all objects have that prop.
    • No other objects have all properties
  • Invariant is an image property that:

    • For some objects, property is true for all images.
    • For all other objects, property is false for all images.
    • Whiteboard
  • Definitions are composed of invariant properties.



Invariants, a brief history

  • Invariance has long history in perception.

      • Each movement we make by which we alter the appearance of objects should be thought of as an experiment desgned to test whether we have understood correctly the invariant relations of the phenomena before us, that is, their existence in definite spatial relations.
    • Helmholtz, 1878
      • If invariants of the energy flux at the receptors of an organism exist, and if these invariants correspond to the permanent properties of the environment … then I think thee is new support for … a new theory of perception in psychology.
    • Gibson, 1967
  • In math, Erlanger program conceives geometry as study of invariant properties under a group of transformations.



Our Plan

  • Projective Invariants.

    • Review projection.
    • Affine invariants (scaled orthographic projection of planar objects).
    • Projective invariants (planar, perspective).
    • Lack of invariants for 3D objects.
  • Illumination invariants.

    • Planar objects.
    • Non for 3D objects.








The Equation of Weak Perspective



Projection



Rotation



First, look at 2D rotation (easier)





Simple 3D Rotation



Full 3D Rotation





Full 3D Motion/Projection



Invariants on a line





Planar Invariants





Perspective Projection

  • Problem: perspective is non-linear.

  • Solution: Homogenous coordinates.

    • Represent points in plane as (x,y,w)
    • (x,y,w), (kx, ky, kw), (x/w, y/w, 1) represent same point.
    • If we think of these as points in 3D, they lie on a line through origin. Set of 3D points that project to same 2D point.


Perspective motion and projection



For Planar Objects



Projective Transformations

  • Mapping from plane to plane.

  • Form a group.

    • They can be composed
    • They have inverses.
    • Projective transformations equivalent to set of images of images.


Planar Projective Invariants

  • Strategy.

    • Suppose P represents five points. V1 transforms P so that first 4 to canonical position, and fifth to (a,b,c).
    • Next, suppose we are given TP, with T unknown. Find V2 to transform first 4 points of TP to canonical position.
    • V2 = V1*T-1. V2P has fifth point = (a,b,c).
    • For this to work, V1, V2 must be uniquely determined.


Transform to Canonical Position



Affine

  • Affine transformations are a subgroup of projective, with last row = (0,0,1).

  • Note that this is equivalent to what we did in the affine case. Affine coordinates are coordinates of 4th point after first three are transformed to (0,0), (1,0), (0,1).



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