haunted houses, 8) prophetic dreams, 9) telekinesis or moving objects just by
thinking, and 10) general psychic powers (e.g., precognition, and the ability to know
the location of a crime scene only from objects belonging to the victim). Interviewers
asked respondents to listen to each belief statement, and to respond by indicating
that they either agreed with the statement, disagreed with the statement, or were
uncertain about the extent to which they either agreed or disagreed. Responses were
coded for each item such that belief in the paranormal was coded as “2”, uncertainty
was coded as “1”, and disbelief was coded as “0”. Consequently, scores on the
measure could range from “0” to “40” with higher scores indicating greater belief in
the paranormal.
3
Two items were included on the measure for each of the ten areas
listed above. One of these items was worded so that agreement reflected belief in the
paranormal; the other was worded so that agreement reflected disbelief. These latter
items were recoded so that high scores on the 20-item measure reflected the
tendency to believe in paranormal phenomena. The complete 20-item measure
along with the percentages of respondents who either agreed or disagreed with the
items appears in Table 1. The items were presented in the order that they appear in
the table, which was determined by random selection.
Paranormal experiences. At the end of the survey, respondents were asked if they
had ever experienced anything that fell outside the realm of normal experience.
Several examples were given to provide a context for this question when the
interviewer said: “For example, some people say they’ve encountered ghosts or
flying saucers, while others may claim that they’ve caught a glimpse of the future
before it occurred. These events might be called paranormal. Has anything like this
ever happened to you?” Responses of “yes” were coded with “1” and responses of
“no” were coded as “0”.
Demographic variables. Respondents were also asked to provide general demo-
graphic information, including their age, sex, level of education, income level,
intensity of religious belief (scale of “1” to “10” with “10” being most intense) and
whether or not they typically attended a weekly religious service. Responses of “yes”
were coded with “1” and responses of “no” were as “0”.
Results
Prevalence of Paranormal Beliefs
Table 1 displays the percentages of respondents who either agreed, disagreed, or
were undecided about each item. These data show that belief in paranormal
phenomena are quite common. For example, just under 50% of the respondents
indicated a belief in ghosts. Nearly one-third of the respondents reported that
sometimes they had been able to read another person’s mind through extrasensory
perception (ESP). Nearly 45% of the respondents believed in UFOs from outer
space, and just under one-fifth of the respondents believed that some people could
bend metal just by thinking. These results parallel those reported by Gallup and
Newport (1991) in a random sample of Americans. They are also consistent with
data reported from a convenience sample of college students (Sparks, Hansen, &
Shah, 1994). Overall, these data provide a replication of the survey findings from
Sparks, et al. (1997). The associated percentages for each item were very close to the
results reported in their study and in most cases did not differ by more than what
might be expected as a result of sampling error (95% confidence interval is
Ϯ6.9%).
104
COMMUNICATION MONOGRAPHS
TABLE 1
P
ERCENTAGES OF
R
ESPONDENTS
I
NDICATING
A
GREEMENT
, D
ISAGREEMENT
,
OR
U
NCERTAINTY
A
BOUT
P
ARANORMAL
B
ELIEFS
I
TEM
Agree
Undecided
Disagree
Daily horoscopes that appear in the newspapers
DO NOT provide accurate information about
a person’s life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
81.5%
9.5%
9.0%**
Some people are able to levitate or lift objects
just by thinking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
18.5%
14.0%
67.5%
I do NOT believe that there is any such thing as
haunted houses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
37.5%
21.0%
41.5%**
I believe that sometimes I can tell what another
person is thinking through ESP or
extrasensory perception . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
32.5%
7.0%
60.0%
No one can really tell about other people’s lives
just from looking at the lines on the palms of
their hands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
68.5%
14.5%
16.5%**
Some people have the power of
astral-projection, that is they can willingly
leave their body for short periods of time to
travel to another part of the Universe and then
return . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7.5%
16.0%
76.0%
I do NOT believe that anyone really has psychic
powers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
41.0%
15.0%
44.0%**
I believe that some people have a special gift to
heal other people simply by touching them . . .
22.5%
16.0%
61.5%
Some people claim that they have had dreams
about future events that actually come true,
but I believe that these cases are simply
coincidence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
43.0%
15.0%
42.0%**
I believe that some people have actually seen
flying saucers that come from outer space . . . .
34.0%
23.0%
42.5%
No one can bend metal just by thinking about it
72.5%
13.0%
14.0%**
Astrology, or the use of horoscopes, has been
proven to be valid for finding out the best
ways in which people should act in their daily
lives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7.0%
18.5%
73.5%
I don’t think ESP or extrasensory perception is
possible . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
39.0%
19.5%
41.0%**
I believe that some people have actually seen
ghosts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
45.5%
16.5%
37.0%
I DO NOT believe that astral-projection is
possible . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
64.0%
17.5%
17.0%**
Some people can really tell the future about
another person’s life just by reading the palm
of their hand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8.0%
15.0%
75.5%
I DO NOT believe that there has ever been a
case where another human being has been
captured by a space alien . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
58.0%
22.5%
18.5%**
Some people have a special gift that enables
them to see things in the future that have not
yet happened . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
44.0%
16.0%
39.0%
Anyone who claims that he/she can heal other
people just by touching them is either lying or
badly mistaken . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
57.5%
16.5%
25.0%**
There are some people who have a special
ability to help the police solve crimes because
they can psychically receive information just
by touching objects that belong to the crime
victims . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
35.5%
19.0%
45.0%
Note. Percentages are based on 200 respondents for each item. Items marked with ** indicate that disagreement
implies belief in the paranormal phenomenon. For unmarked items, agreement implies belief in the
paranormal phenomenon.
105
TELEVISION AND PARANORMAL BELIEFS