Kill rate by wolves on moose in the Yukon R. D. Hayes, A. M. Baer, U. Wotschikowsky, and A. S. Harestad
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© 2000 NRC Canada 58 Can. J. Zool. Vol. 78, 2000 Solomon, M.E. 1949. The natural control of animal populations. J. Anim. Ecol. 18: 1–35. Stephenson, R.O., and Sexton, J.J. 1974. Wolf report. Alaska De- partment of Fish and Game Federal Aid in Wildlife Restoration Program Rep., Projects W-17-5 and W-17-6, Fairbanks. Sumanik, R.S. 1987. Wolf ecology in the Kluane region, Yukon Territory. M.Sc. thesis, Michigan Technological University, Houghton. Theberge, J.B. 1990. Potentials for misinterpreting impacts of wolf predation through prey:predator ratios. Wildl. Soc. Bull. 18: 188–192. Thurber, J.M., and Peterson, R.O. 1993. Effects of population den- sity and pack size on the foraging ecology of gray wolves. J. Mammal. 74: 879–889. Van Ballenberge, V., and Ballard, W.B. 1997. Population dynam- ics. In Ecology and management of the North American moose. Edited by A.W. Franzmann and C.C. Schwartz. Smithsonian Institute Press, Washington, D.C. pp. 223–245. Walters, C.J., Stocker, M., and Haber, G.C. 1981. Simulation and optimization models for a wolf–ungulate system. In Dynamics of large mammal populations. Edited by C.W. Fowler and T.B. Smith. John Wiley and Sons, New York. pp. 317–337 Zimen, E. 1976. On the regulation of pack size in wolves. Z. Tierpsychol. 40: 300–341. Appendix North Canol area Frances Lake area Winter
No. of moose/1000 km 2 Finite rate of change No. of
moose/1000 km 2 Finite rate of change Mean moose density 1989–1990 a 252
1.164 274
1.18 263
1990–1991 a 293
1.164 323
1.18 308
1991–1992 b 341
1.11 382
1.12 361
1992–1993 c 379
1.10 427
1.10 403
1993–1994 417
470 443
a The finite rate of increase is interpolated from population estimates using stratified random block surveys in November 1987 (Jingfors 1988) and 1991 (Larsen and Ward 1995).
The finite rate of increase is from Larsen and Ward (1995). c The rate of increase is from Hatter and Bergerud (1991, see Methods), where R is 0.18 and M is the mean adult mortality rate (0.095; Larsen and Ward 1995).
Year
Pack No. of hours between locations No. of wolves
No. of days studied
% of days observed
No. of moose killed
No. of caribou
killed Total mass of prey killed
a (kg)
Mass of prey per wolf per day (kg) 1990
Frances L. 24 17 14 71 6 0 1 850
7.8 Jackfish L. 24 2
84 6 0 1 125 18.1
Ketza R. 48 2 31 65 3 0 700
11.3 Lapie R.
48 5 30 53 5 0 1 676 b 11.2
Prevost R. 24 6 19 79 4 0 925
8.11 Seven Wolf L. 24 2
89 2 1 452 6.0
Tyers R. 48 2 20 60 2 0 800
20 Tuchitua R. 24 11
75 5 0 1 725 4.4
Weasel L. 24 6 16 81 5 0 1 513
15.8 Woodside R. 24 4
77 7 0 2 063 13.2
Yusezyu R. 24 2 30 87 6 0 1 163
19.4 Upper Pelly R. 24 2
79 3 0 450 16.1
Total 318
54 1 14 442 1991 Finlayson L. 6 2
100 1 2 205 11.4
Ketza R. 6 2 12 92 3 0 925
38.5 Light Creek 48 2
67 1 0 150 12.5
Mink Creek 6 4 11 100
1 3 869 19.8 McEvoy L. 48 2
56 1 0 400 12.5
Woodside R. 48 7 8 50 1 0 150
2.68 Wolverine L. 24 2
78 2 0 813 45.2
Seven Wolf L. 6 7 13 100
4 1 1 515 16.6 Total
84 14 6 5 027 Table A2. Composition of ungulate prey killed and kill rate by wolves in 21 packs monitored during late winter 1990 through 1994 in the Finlayson Study Area. J:\cjz\cjz78\cjz-01\Z99-187.vp Friday, February 25, 2000 9:27:41 AM Color profile: Disabled Composite Default screen © 2000 NRC Canada Hayes et al. 59 1992
Campbell Creek 24 14 22 91 6 6 3 112
10.1 Finlayson L. 24 2
57 5 0 1 450 25.9
Fire Creek 48 3 24 50 3 0 800
11.1 Frances L. 48 9
81 3 0 1 600 8.5
Jackfish L. 48 11 23 48 6 0 2 150
8.5 Ketza R.
48 2 19 63 3 0 1 200 31.6
Light Creek 48 6 19 52 4 0 1 588
13.9 Mink Creek 48 8
48 0 3 456 2.5
Otter Creek 48 2 23 52 2 0 800
17.4 Prevost R. 48 10
50 3 0 925 9.3
Total 212
35 9 14 081 1993 Seven Wolf L. 24 10
79 5 2 1 817 7.6
Tuchitua R. 48 10 27 52 5 0 1 225
4.5 Tyers R.
48 2 19 63 2 0 550 14.5
Weasel L. 48 10 23 47 5 1 1 877
8.2 Wolverine L. 48 2
52 3 0 950 22.6
Woodside R. 48 11 24 58 4 0 1 350
5.1 Yusezyu R. 48 11
48 7 0 1 788 4.9
Total 171
31 3 9 537 1994 Campbell Creek 24 20
96 11 2 3 442 6.4
Mink Creek 24 11 26 92 4 1 1 752
6.1 Light Creek 24 11
73 6 0 1 900 6.6
Nipple Mt. 24 2 24 83 2 0 800
16.7 Otter Creek 24 6
81 3 0 713 5.7
Upper Pelly R. 24 5 21 81 3 0 1 200
11.4 Wolverine L. 24 4
73 7 0 2 025 19.5
Yusezyu R. 24 13 26 81 9 0 2 825
8.4 Total
197 45 3 14 657 Grand total 982 179
25 57 764
a Based on estimated masses (kg): cow moose 375, bull moose 413, unknown adult moose 400, yearling moose 250, calf moose 150, adult caribou 152, calf caribou 55, and mountain sheep 75. See methods for sources of live masses.
Includes one mountain sheep. Table A2 (concluded). J:\cjz\cjz78\cjz-01\Z99-187.vp Friday, February 25, 2000 9:27:42 AM Color profile: Disabled Composite Default screen Yüklə 248,13 Kb. Dostları ilə paylaş:
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