Lagoon – parallel to coast (I e. Indian River Lagoon, Florida) – Bar-Built Estuaries Lagoon

Lagoon – parallel to coast (i.e. Indian River Lagoon, Florida) – Bar-Built Estuaries

• Lagoon – parallel to coast (i.e. Indian River Lagoon, Florida) – Bar-Built Estuaries

• Coast Plain Estuary – erosion (i.e. Chesapeake Bay and Pamlico Sound)

• Tectonic Estuary – faults (i.e. San Francisco Bay)

• Fjord – glacier formation (i.e. Alaska, British Columbia, Norway, Chile)\

• Delta- formed at mouth of a river (i.e. – Mississippi Delta)

Temperature

• Temperature

• Salinity

• Nutrients

• Anthropogenic effects (review)

• Increased runoff

• Development causing habitat fragmentation

• Global Climatic Changes

Temperatures may change with shifting tidal regimes

• Temperatures may change with shifting tidal regimes

• There can be temperature inversions during the evenings, especially in the fall when cooler temperatures may be at the surface.

Nontidal Fresh 0 ppt, no tidal influence

• Nontidal Fresh 0 ppt, no tidal influence

• Tidal Fresh 0 - 1 ppt, tidal influence

• Oligohaline 2 - 5 ppt (slightly brackish)

• Mesohaline 8 - 15 ppt (brackish)

• Polyhaline 18 ppt and up (salt water)

Salinity can vary in estuaries based upon the amount of salt water inflow and freshwater inputs.

• Salinity can vary in estuaries based upon the amount of salt water inflow and freshwater inputs.

• Estuaries can be classified according to the layering of salt water based on density

• - well-mixed

• - partially-mixed

• - salt wedge (highly stratified)

Some estuaries show an increase in salinity over time, these are considered “inverse estuaries” or “negative estuaries.”

• Some estuaries show an increase in salinity over time, these are considered “inverse estuaries” or “negative estuaries.”

• There is a net increase in salinity over time mostly due to human impacts (i.e. dams and loss of freshwater flow into the system)

Considered the amount of time in which all water is totally exchanged in an estuary

• Considered the amount of time in which all water is totally exchanged in an estuary

• Varies according to the estuary due to ocean access, freshwater runoff (called inflow) and depth of the estuary

• tF = VF / R

• tF is the flushing time

• Vf is the freshwater volume

• R is the river discharge rate

High Marsh – Not flooded regularly with predominant Spartina patens and Phragmites

• High Marsh – Not flooded regularly with predominant Spartina patens and Phragmites

• Series of marsh pools at higher elevations

• Low Marsh – Floods regularly with Spartina alterniflora

• Creeks and ditches with sometimes tidal effects
• Support a higher density of finfish than SAV beds (Sogard and Able 1991).

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