Learning from Lesbos
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- Local Population Figures Used for Comparison
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- From Harm to Home | Rescue-uk.org | Rescue.org International Rescue Committee
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Learning from Lesbos 24 Annex A: Detailed Methodology (continued) Field Visits The field visit took place in January 2016 and focused on close observation of the IRC’s activities in both Molyvos and Mytilene. Informal interviews were conducted with field staff implementing programmes. This close observation of the IRC’s programmes on Lesbos significantly informed the development of the case studies found in this report. The IRC Learning Manager consulted the Municipality of Lesbos, and conducted more formal semi-structured interviews with:
k IRC staff based on Lesbos for all or part of the period between September 2015 and March 2016, and
k
including business owners. Key questions included in the semi-structured interviews are provided in Annex B. During all semi-structured interviews, the purpose of the research was fully explained and verbal consent obtained from interviewees. Respondents were invited to skip questions or stop the interview at any time. In light of the informality of the interviews, the names of interviewees are not usually provided. Where comments are attributed, this is done with the permission of those quoted. above: In the summer of 2015, the Hellenic Coastguard leave the port in Mytilene on patrol, likely searching for refugees determined to land in Europe. Tyler Jump/IRC below: Molyvos is typically known as an attractive tourist destination for Greeks and foreigners alike. The migrant crisis on the island – and the subsequent perceptions of the town – has hurt the local economy of Molyvos. Samer Saliba/IRC
Learning from Lesbos 25 Key Interview Questions Interviews with Humanitarian Actors 1 What challenges and opportunities does the urban context present in achieving your desired outcomes, particularly when it comes to ensuring those outcomes do not impact and/or support wherever possible existing urban systems? 2 What are the challenges and opportunities associated with programming for a transitory refugee population?
What are the impacts of operating camps within urban host settings?
How closely, if at all, do you collaborate with municipal actors and other public service providers to achieve your desired outcomes in urban areas? Where they exist, why are there gaps in collaboration and public sector engagement? 5 In your view, what is the role of the governmental sector in addressing the refugee crisis on Lesbos?
In your view, what is the role of volunteers and smaller charity groups in addressing the refugee crisis on Lesbos? 7 How, if at all, do you empower the local community – particularly business owners – in their response to the refugee crisis? 8 How important is it for refugees/migrants to have access to existing services on the island? How do you facilitate this access, particularly given that refugees/migrants are physically separated from them while in the camps? 9 In your view, what is needed to ensure a coordinated response from all parties (government, INGO, volunteers) that addresses the needs of refugees/migrants while respecting the daily goings-on of the island? 10 In your view, what role does local advocacy play in your response on the island?
To your knowledge, what impact is humanitarian intervention having on social cohesion on the island?
Do you work to align humanitarian and city planning efforts? Can you provide examples?
How important is flexibility on the island? What impacts does flexibility have on efficacy?
What would you do differently the next time you work in an urban setting?
below: Kara Tepe before any intervention: there were two showers for 2,000 refugees, long queues for the toilets, rubbish everywhere and a tense atmosphere predominating. Tyler Jump/Stichting Vluchteling/IRC Learning from Lesbos 26 Annex C: Monthly Refugee Arrivals on Lesbos September 2015 89,690 October
135,063 November
103,409 December
65,838 January 2016 42,601 February
31,416 March
13,996 Local Population Figures Used for Comparison Resident population of Molyvos (Mithymnia) municipal community 1,570 Resident population of Mytilene municipal community 29,656 Total resident population of the island of Lesbos 86,436 sources: Refugee arrival figures from Hellenic Police and Hellenic Coastguard, quoted in UNHCR, “Lesvos data snapshot,” 30 March, 2016
Resident population figures from Hellenic Statistical Authority, “Population census: permanent residential population,” 2011 http://www.statistics.gr/documents/20181/1210503/ resident_population_census2011rev.xls ( in Greek)
Learning from Lesbos 27 References 1 According to the ODI report, “Protracted displacement: uncertain paths to self-reliance in exile,” at least 59% of refugees live in urban settings, a number that is increasing annually. Protracted displacement: uncertain paths to self-reliance in exile. ODI. September 2015. Available at: http://www.odi.org/sites/odi.org.uk/files/odi-assets/ publications-opinion-files/9851.pdf. Accessed June 30, 2016. 2 World at War. UNCHR Global Trends: Forced Displacement in 2014. June 2015. Available at: http://www.unhcr.org/556725e69.html. Accessed June 30, 2016.
Gabrielle Smith and Lili Mohiddin. 2015. A review of evidence of humanitarian cash transfer programming in urban areas. IIED Working Paper. IIED, London. Available at: http://pubs.iied.org/10759IIED. Accessed June 30, 2016. 4 UNCHR. Lesvos Data Snapshot. 30 March, 2016. 5 Nianias, Helen. “Refugees on Lesbos: Are there too many NGOs on the island?” The Guardian. Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/global-development- professionals-network/2016/jan/05/refugees-in-lesbos-are- there-too-many-ngos-on-the-island. Accessed June 30, 2016. 6 Dearden, Lizzie. “Refugee Crisis: Shipping Strike on Lesbos leaves 20,000 Asylum Seekers Stranded.” The Independent. November 5, 2015. Available at: http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/ refugee-crisis-shipping-strike-on-lesbos-leaves-20000-asylum- seekers-stranded-a6723201.html. Accessed June 6, 2016.
Ibid.
8 Nianias, Helen. “Refugees on Lesbos: Are there too many NGOs on the island?” The Guardian. Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/global-development- professionals-network/2016/jan/05/refugees-in-lesbos-are- there-too-many-ngos-on-the-island. Accessed June 30, 2016. 9 OCHA, http://www.unocha.org/what-we-do/ coordination/overview
the context of this research. The focus group discussions were held in recognition that the local community was not appropriately consulted early in the IRC’s response efforts. Moreover, categorising our world as either urban or rural risks painting a false picture of human settlements today. Nonetheless, it is important to highlight they key differences between the megacity and the remote village, understanding that the majority of people live in places that would fall somewhere along a spectrum between these two extremes. Urban areas differ from rural ones in terms of the number, density, and diversity of stakeholders, residents and the communities they represent. Their political, social, and service provision structures and systems are also more complex and interconnected. The concentration of resources, a reliance on cash-based economies, and the scale and density of their physical environments sets urban areas apart from rural ones. Displaced populations in urban areas are often hidden from view and can be further marginalised from society as they face legal and social barriers to accessing local services, particularly healthcare and education, employment and means of supporting themselves. In the ongoing conversation about good practice in urban humanitarian response, there is not yet agreement on a definition for the term “urban area”. This reflects the fact that governments use varying operational definitions. Defining Urban Given their interdependency and the fluidity between them, distinguishing between urban and rural areas is an imperfect – and sometimes unhelpful – endeavour. right: Mytilene is the political and commercial centre of Lesbos and the one true city on the island. It is a working port and a tourism hub. Mytilene and the surrounding urban area bore the brunt of the brunt of the disruption caused by the wave of arrivals from Turkey. Samer Saliba/IRC Learning from Lesbos 28 Acknowledgements This report is authored by Samer Saliba, the Urban Response Learning Manager of the International Rescue Committee (IRC). This report serves as a knowledge product in a series focusing on evidence and lessons on improving urban humanitarian response. It greatly benefits from the work of and support and commentary from the following IRC staff: Panagiotis Andrianis, Lucy Carrigan, Kirk Day, Lani Fortier, Bob Kitchen, Aggeliki Kleioti, Ashleigh Christina Lovett, Christophe Martin, Jackie McLeod, Panos Navrozidis, Elinor Raikes, Natasha Sim, Kathryn Sokol, Edmond Suluku, Corita Tassi, Dafni Tsakyraki, Jane Waite, and Margot Vulliod. This report is edited by Robyn Kerrison and designed by Ros Mac Thóim. All photographs are taken for the IRC unless otherwise noted. The author thanks his colleagues, the local authorities, residents, and community-based organisations interviewed for their contributions. Rescue-uk.org Gov.uk/dfid This report is generously funded by the UK Department for International Development (DFID) through the DFID–IRC Advocacy and Learning Partnership on Urban Crises. The partnership is part of the DFID Urban Crises Programme, which involves the International Rescue Committee (IRC) and the International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED). Products and events resulting from the partnerships are produced in coordination with the Global Alliance for Urban Crises. To learn more about the Global Alliance, please visit www.urban-crises.org. URBAN
C R I S E S The International Rescue Committee (IRC) responds to the world’s worst humanitarian crises and helps people to survive and rebuild their lives. Founded in 1933 at the request of Albert Einstein, the IRC offers life-saving care and life-changing assistance to refugees forced to flee from war, persecution or natural disaster. At work today in over 40 countries and 22 cities, we restore safety, dignity and hope to millions who are uprooted and struggling to endure. The IRC leads the way from harm to home. New York
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