Located between China and Japan



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Located between China and Japan

  • Located between China and Japan

  • Continuous cultural and geopolitcal interactions with China and Japan

  • Korean language is considered “language isolate”



One of the world’s fastest growing economies

  • One of the world’s fastest growing economies

  • Korean GDP ranked No. 12 in the world

  • World’s 8th largest exporter



Korean movies, TV dramas, and pop-music are very popular around the world; rapidly spreading beyond Asian countries

  • Korean movies, TV dramas, and pop-music are very popular around the world; rapidly spreading beyond Asian countries

  • Korea is among the world’s top ten cultural exporters



Korea is roughly the size of England (total area: 223,170 km²).

  • Korea is roughly the size of England (total area: 223,170 km²).

  • With 4908 km of Coastline (N: 2495; S: 2413) it is best described as a peninsula.

  • With thanks to both the Yalu River and Amnok river serving as natural borders, Korea has been recognized as a different country/culture from China and Russia for about 2,400 years (since it was first mentioned in written history).











Korea borders China to the north-west for 1,416 km by means of the Yalu river (“The Yalu River (Chinese) or the Amnok River (Korean) is a river on the border between China and North Korea.

  • Korea borders China to the north-west for 1,416 km by means of the Yalu river (“The Yalu River (Chinese) or the Amnok River (Korean) is a river on the border between China and North Korea.

  • Russia to the east (Russia 19 km—by means of the Tumen River)

  • Closeness of Japan to the east. Mongolia, situated farther to the west of Russia, is close to Korea though they do not share borders—they have had many historical conflicts.

  • South Korea only share land border with North Korea by 238 km. North Korea took both the borders between China and Russia.



All four of the world’s superpowers have shown heavy interest in Korea (USA, Japan, China, Russia).

  • All four of the world’s superpowers have shown heavy interest in Korea (USA, Japan, China, Russia).



King Dangun established Go-Joseon in 2333 B.C.

  • King Dangun established Go-Joseon in 2333 B.C.







The Korean Peninsula was inhabited from the Lower Paleolithic about 400,000-700,000 years ago.

  • The Korean Peninsula was inhabited from the Lower Paleolithic about 400,000-700,000 years ago.

  • Neolithic period began after 6000 B.C., followed by the Bronze Age by 800 B.C., and the Iron Age around 400 B.C.

  • Rice cultivation was introduced to Korea around 1200 to 900 B.C., most likely from China by way of Manchuria. People also farmed native grains such as millet and barley, and domesticated livestock.

  • The beginning of the Bronze Age on the peninsula is usually said to be 1000 B.C and lasted until 300 B.C.



Around 900 B.C., burial practices become more elaborate, a reflection of increasing social stratification. Goindol, the Dolmen tombs in Korea and Manchuria, formed of upright stones supporting a horizontal slab, are more numerous in Korea than in other parts of East Asia. Around the 6th century B.C., burnished red wares, made of a fine iron-rich clay and characterized by a smooth, lustrous surface, appear in dolmen tombs, as well as in domestic bowls and cups.

  • Around 900 B.C., burial practices become more elaborate, a reflection of increasing social stratification. Goindol, the Dolmen tombs in Korea and Manchuria, formed of upright stones supporting a horizontal slab, are more numerous in Korea than in other parts of East Asia. Around the 6th century B.C., burnished red wares, made of a fine iron-rich clay and characterized by a smooth, lustrous surface, appear in dolmen tombs, as well as in domestic bowls and cups.

  • Around 300 B.C., iron technology was introduced into Korea from China. Iron was produced locally in the southern part of the peninsula by the second century B.C. According to Chinese accounts, iron from the lower Nakdong River valley in the southeast, was valued throughout the peninsula and Japan.



Easier cultivation, hunting, fishing

  • Easier cultivation, hunting, fishing

  • Iron-made agricultural implements → deeper digging ground → increase of production → material affluence

  • Settlement life began and village formed

  • Use of Iron-made weapon invoke war and conquest by increased power

  • With the work of conquest big tribal states appeared (Size of society become larger and political leaders rise)









By 3rd Century B.C., Go-joseon disintegrated into many successor states; and was formally defeated by the Han dynasty of China in 108 B.C.

  • By 3rd Century B.C., Go-joseon disintegrated into many successor states; and was formally defeated by the Han dynasty of China in 108 B.C.



Buddhism became national religion.

  • Buddhism became national religion.

  • Arts and culture flourished during Shilla Dynasty.



Goguryeo, Baekje

  • Goguryeo, Baekje

  • and Shilla



All three kingdoms shared a similar culture and language. Original religions were shamanistic, but increasingly influenced by Chinese culture: Confucianism and Taoism.

  • All three kingdoms shared a similar culture and language. Original religions were shamanistic, but increasingly influenced by Chinese culture: Confucianism and Taoism.

  • In the 4th century, Buddhism was introduced to the peninsula briefly becoming the official religion of all three kingdoms.

  • The three Kingdoms period ran from 57 B.C. until Shilla's triumph over Goguryeo in 668, which marked the beginning of the North and South States period (남북국시대) of Unified Shilla in the South and Balhae in the North.



The largest of the three kingdoms was Goguryeo. At the beginning, the state was located on the border with China; it gradually expanded into Manchuria and destroyed the Chinese Lelang commandery in 313.

  • The largest of the three kingdoms was Goguryeo. At the beginning, the state was located on the border with China; it gradually expanded into Manchuria and destroyed the Chinese Lelang commandery in 313.

  • It reached its zenith in the 5th century, when reign of the Gwanggaeto the Great and his son, Jangsu expanded territory into almost all of Manchuria and part of inner Mongolia, and took the Seoul region from Baekje.

  • After the 7th century, Goguryeo was constantly at war with the Sui and Tang dynasties of China.



Absorbed or conquered other Mahan chiefdoms and, at its peak in the 4th century, controlled most of the western Korean peninsula. Under attack from Goguryeo, the capital moved south to Ungjin (present-day Gongju) and later further south to Sabi (present-day Buyeo).

  • Absorbed or conquered other Mahan chiefdoms and, at its peak in the 4th century, controlled most of the western Korean peninsula. Under attack from Goguryeo, the capital moved south to Ungjin (present-day Gongju) and later further south to Sabi (present-day Buyeo).

  • Baekje exerted political influence on Tamna, a kingdom of Jeju Island. Baekje maintained a close relationship with and extracted tribute from Tamna. Baekje's religious and artistic culture influenced Goguryeo and Shilla.

  • Buddhism was introduced to Baekje in 384 from Goguryeo. Ttransmitted cultural developments, including Chinese characters and Buddhism, into ancient Japan. Baekje was conquered by an alliance of Shilla and Tang forces in 660.



To cope with invasions from Goguryeo and Baekje, Shilla deepened its relations with the Tang Dynasty, with its newly-gained access to the Yellow Sea making direct contact with the Tang possible. After the conquest of Goguryeo and Baekje with Tang allies, the Shilla kingdom drove the Tang forces out of the peninsula and occupied the lands south of Pyongyang.

  • To cope with invasions from Goguryeo and Baekje, Shilla deepened its relations with the Tang Dynasty, with its newly-gained access to the Yellow Sea making direct contact with the Tang possible. After the conquest of Goguryeo and Baekje with Tang allies, the Shilla kingdom drove the Tang forces out of the peninsula and occupied the lands south of Pyongyang.

  • The capital of Shilla was Seorabeol (now Gyeongju). Buddhism became the official religion in 528.



Driving Forces of the Unification by Shilla

  • Driving Forces of the Unification by Shilla

    • Active roles of Hwarang, the Code of Shilla Chivalry (Knights)
    • Diplomatic collaboration with Tang
    • Unity of the people through Buddhism
  • Historical Significance of the Unification

    • Unity of the Nation
    • Cultural unification
    • Sense/Consciousness of the same People/Tribalism
  • Limitation of the Unification

    • Draw in foreign influence
    • Shrinking of the territory (national land)










Open air museum, one of Korean’s World Heritage sites.

  • Open air museum, one of Korean’s World Heritage sites.













Bulguksa

  • Bulguksa

    • Constructed in 751 A.D. during Shilla kingdom
    • Main temple, gates, stone pagodas, bridges are all architectural masterpieces
  • Seokkuram Grotto

    • Granite sanctuary for stone Buddha
    • Wearing a serene smile of benevolence








Goryeo was founded in 918 and replaced Shilla. "Goryeo" is a short form of "Goguryeo" and the source of the English name “Korea”.

  • Goryeo was founded in 918 and replaced Shilla. "Goryeo" is a short form of "Goguryeo" and the source of the English name “Korea”.

  • Cultural achievements:

  • - laws were codified

  • - introduction of civil service system

  • - Buddhism flourished

  • - development of celadon industry

  • - publication of Tripitaka Koreana onto 80,000 wooden blocks

  • - invention of the world's first movable-metal-type printing press in 13th century

  • Mongol invasion from the 1230s into the 1270s. The dynasty lasted until 1392.





Invented in 13th century (before 1232) during Goryeo dynasty

  • Invented in 13th century (before 1232) during Goryeo dynasty

  • The world oldest extant movable metal print book is the Jikji (Korean Buddhist document), printed in Korea in 1377.

  • 78 years prior to Gutenburg’s metal type printing



Woodblocks for printing Tripitaka (Buddhist scriptures)

  • Woodblocks for printing Tripitaka (Buddhist scriptures)

  • 81,258 pieces of woodblocks

  • Took 16 years to complete the project (1236-1251)

  • Woodblocks were treated by a special process for long-term preservation







Celadon with pale jade green glaze and inlaid pattern was invented in 10th century during Goryeo dynasty.

  • Celadon with pale jade green glaze and inlaid pattern was invented in 10th century during Goryeo dynasty.



Expanded territory boundary up to Yalu river in north.

  • Expanded territory boundary up to Yalu river in north.

  • Confucianism was promoted by government.

  • Korean alphabet was invented.



Confucianism as the country's official religion (King Taejo) adopted.

  • Confucianism as the country's official religion (King Taejo) adopted.

  • King Sejong the Great (1418-1450) promulgated Hangul, the Korean alphabet.

  • Japanese invasion (1592-1598): This war saw the rise of the career of Admiral Yi Sun-shin and his "turtle ship" or gobukseon.

  • Invasions by the Manchu-Yuan (1620s and 1630s)



King Sejong the Great invented Korean alphabet in 1446.

  • King Sejong the Great invented Korean alphabet in 1446.

  • 14 consonants & 10 vowels

  • Easy to learn:



Purely phonetic alphabet

  • Purely phonetic alphabet

  • 14 consonants

    • ㄱ ㄴ ㄷ ㄹ ㅁ ㅂ ㅅ ㅇ ㅈ ㅊ ㅋ ㅌ ㅍ ㅎ
  • 10 vowels

    • 아 야 어 여 오 요 우 유 으 이
  • Hangul is a scientific system, invented following the shapes of vocal organs as they make sounds.



Typically use few color, leaving background blank

  • Typically use few color, leaving background blank

  • Often combined with poem.

  • Painters signed their artistic name and signature stamps











Admiral Yi invents the turtle boat

  • Admiral Yi invents the turtle boat



The world first ironclad warship, Geobukseon (Turtle-shaped Warship), was built by General Yi Sun-shin in 1592 during the Japanese invasion.

  • The world first ironclad warship, Geobukseon (Turtle-shaped Warship), was built by General Yi Sun-shin in 1592 during the Japanese invasion.

  • The ships had armored and spiked decks and cannons and were designed to be highly maneuverable .











No knowledge about other world except Asia until 16th century.

  • No knowledge about other world except Asia until 16th century.

  • Sinocentrism (중화사상-中華思想)

  • Western power started to contact with China & Japan since the late 15th century.

  • In 1628 & 1653 Europeans arrived in Jeju island after the shipwreck. (박연-Jan Jansz. Weltevree / 하멜-Hendrick Hamel)





Western products were introduced to Korea (world map, telescope, alarm clock, gun, canon, Bible, Catholic books, Statue of the Virgin Mary, and other scientific instruments & books)

  • Western products were introduced to Korea (world map, telescope, alarm clock, gun, canon, Bible, Catholic books, Statue of the Virgin Mary, and other scientific instruments & books)

  • Introduction of Catholic (religion < western learning)

  • Interest & demand about western culture for the good of people (실학 - 實學 - Realist School of Confucianism)



Japan annexed Korea

  • Japan annexed Korea

  • by force in 1910.

  • Japan in 1938 outlawed

  • use of Korean language

  • in an attempt to eradicate

  • Korean national identity.

  • Deep lament and resentment toward invaders prevailed in Korean literature and music.



Korea was occupied by Japan in 1905 following the Russo-Japanese War. In 1910, Japan formally annexed the entire peninsula.

  • Korea was occupied by Japan in 1905 following the Russo-Japanese War. In 1910, Japan formally annexed the entire peninsula.

  • The proto-occupation started in 1876, when Japan employed gunboat diplomacy to sign an unequal treaty. The pact opened up Korea for trade with Japan, and also granted the Japanese special rights in Korea such as extraterritoriality (Japanese in Korea would be subject to Japanese, not Korean, law).

  • To counter Japanese interference in Korea, Empress Myeongseong, was considering turning to Russia or China for support. In 1895, Empress Myeongseong was assassinated by the Japanese.







Koreans were discriminated, tortured, raped, executed and mass murdered by the Imperial Japanese Army. The Japanese would torture people in order to obtain information leading to the capture "Independence Army" members.

  • Koreans were discriminated, tortured, raped, executed and mass murdered by the Imperial Japanese Army. The Japanese would torture people in order to obtain information leading to the capture "Independence Army" members.

  • Major cultural genocides and war crimes committed by the Japanese include sex slavery and kidnapping of Korean females for the Japanese army, human experiments, on live Koreans, burning down of Korean villages, banning of the Korean language and religions, complete censorship of media, unfair confiscation of land, food and cultural assets, forced name changes and Imperial education, which led to a strong rise in anti-Japanese sentiment and Korean nationalism, still persistent to this date in both South Korea and North Korea.

  • During World War II, Koreans were forced to support the Japanese war effort. Tens of thousands of men were conscripted into Japan's military. Around 200,000 girls and women, mostly from Korea and China, were conscripted as sex slaves, euphemistically called "comfort women".



European-styled transport and communication networks were established across the nation. This facilitated Japanese exploitation, but modernization had little if any effect on the Korean people, but was mainly being used to serve Japanese trade needs, and their tight centralized controls.

  • European-styled transport and communication networks were established across the nation. This facilitated Japanese exploitation, but modernization had little if any effect on the Korean people, but was mainly being used to serve Japanese trade needs, and their tight centralized controls.

  • The Japanese removed the Joseon hierarchy, destroyed the Korean Palace, and revamped Korea's taxation system to evict tenant farmers, export Korean rice crops to Japan which provoked Korean famines; and brought in a punitive series of measures which included murdering those who refused to pay taxes in the provinces; forced slavery in roadworks and mines.



A Korean solider, fighting against Japanese occupation.

  • A Korean solider, fighting against Japanese occupation.



Surrender of Japan to the Allied Forces in August 1945 ended the Japanese occupation of Korea.

  • Surrender of Japan to the Allied Forces in August 1945 ended the Japanese occupation of Korea.

  • In 1945 at Postdam conference US (Truman), USSR (Stalin) and UK (Churchil) decided to divide Korean peninsula at 38th parallel without consulting Koreans.



North Korea invaded south by launching surprise attack on 6/25/50.

  • North Korea invaded south by launching surprise attack on 6/25/50.

  • United Nations forces led by US defended South.

  • Many Koreans lost or separated from family members in both South and North.



Economic development plan began after military coup in 1961

  • Economic development plan began after military coup in 1961

  • 2009 Korean GDP ranked No.12 in the world.





Introduced to Korea druing three kingdom era (around 372 A.D.)

  • Introduced to Korea druing three kingdom era (around 372 A.D.)

  • Became state religion in three kingdoms and Goryeo dynasty

  • Deep influence in every aspect of Korean life, culture, and arts

  • Currently about 24% of population is Buddhist.

  • Buddha’s birthday is national holiday in Korea.



Joseon dynasty promoted Confucian philosophies as national philosophy.

  • Joseon dynasty promoted Confucian philosophies as national philosophy.

  • Complex system, selectively imported from China, of moral, social, political, philosophical, and quasi-religious thought.

  • Became an indispensable component of the Korean moral system, way of life, and laws



Catholicism was imported into Korea by a Korean scholar, Yi Seung-hun, who was baptized while visiting China.

  • Catholicism was imported into Korea by a Korean scholar, Yi Seung-hun, who was baptized while visiting China.

    • Thousands of Catholics were executed during government persecution in the late Joseon dynasty.
  • Protestant missionaries came to Korea during Japanese rule in the early 20th century.

    • Dedicated to higher education and health care
  • Catholics and Protestant Christians are more populous in urban areas and often have higher education levels.





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