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CAMBRIDGE C I R C U S
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ALDERSHOT C A M B E R L E Y N E W A R K O X F O R D
A L L I I D
ACIII
It is a well-known medical principle that
certain ingredients i n association are far
more beneficial and effective than they
would be i f taken alone. T h e ingredients
in PHENSIC, scientifically blended, can be
relied upon t o take allied action for the
quick and speedy relief of pain from Head-
aches, Lumbago, Sciatica, Neuritis, Neural-
gia, Toothache, Rheumatics, etc. Simply
take a couple of tablets with a little water.
Phensic will also quickly relieve a feverish
cold. Praised by the Forces at Home
and Abroad. Obtainable from your
N.A.A.F.I. Canteen or any Chemist.
THE QUEEN'S OWN GAZETTE.
‘11 ,flottern
Serciee f o r 0 1 livers
The Officer who maintains an account with
Lloyds Bank, Cox's & King's Branch, at 6 Pall
Mall, Official Army and Royal Air Force Agents,
enjoys many facilities beyond the receipt o f pay
and allowances.
Arrangements can be made to cash cheques at
any of the Bank's branches and agencies at home
and abroad. The Indian and Burma branches can
credit pay and allowances as they become due.
The Bank will also, o n request, deal with
Officers' Income Tax, Retired Pay and Pensions
and will furnish information on Insurance and
the purchase and sale of stocks and shares.
The Manager will he glad to open an account
for Officers and discuss their financial problems
with them.
LLOYDS B A N K
L I M I T E D
( C O X ' S A N D K I N G ' S B R A N C H )
A R M Y & R O Y A L A I R F O R C E A G E N T S
6 PA L L M A L L • S W1
Offices at o r near a l l A r m y R o y a l A i r
Force Centres throughout England & Wales
133
•••
• 134
T
H
E
QUEEN'S OWN GAZETTE.
The t r i a l s o f w a r c r i m i n a l s , n o w going o n i n b o t h G e r m a n y
and J a p a n , a r e o f g r e a t i m p o r t a n c e , n o t o n l y , o r i n d e e d
p r i m a r i l y, a s regards t h e issue o f t h e a c t u a l cases themselves,
b u t because o f t h e i r f u t u r e l e g a l i m p l i c a t i o n s . C e r t a i n p r e -
cedents a r e b e i n g e s t a b l i s h e d a t B e l s e n , N u r e m b e r g , a n d
Manila, w h i c h s h o u l d g o f a r t o c h a n g e i n t e r n a t i o n a l l a w f r o m
something l i k e a n agreed f i c t i o n t o a f o r c e f u l r e a l i t y w h i c h
f u t u r e wrongdoers w i l l h a v e t o t a k e s e r i o u s l y i n t o a c c o u n t .
The p r e c e d e n t established a t E e l s e n i s o n e w h i c h a l r e a d y
forms a n i n t e g r a l p a r t o f B r i t i s h L a w, b o t h c i v i l a n d m i l i t a r y,
namely, t h a t p e r s o n a l r e s p o n s i b i l i t y o f a s u b o r d i n a t e f o r
Illegal a c t s c a n n o t b e a n n u l l e d o n t h e g r o u n d t h a t h e a c t e d
on t h e o r d e r s o f a s u p e r i o r. S u c h a n o t i o n i s , o f c o u r s e ,
entirely f o r e i g n t o G e r m a n m e n t a l i t y, f o r w h i c h t h e p l e a
" I t w a s a n o r d e r " h a s a l w a y s b e e n u n a n s w e r a b l e ; a n d n o
doubt, a s t h e d e f e n d i n g c o u n s e l p l e a d e d a t t h e B e l s e n t r i a l
itself, t h e p r i s o n e r s w e r e s t r i c t l y b e i n g t r i e d a n d j u d g e d b y a
law w h i c h f r o m t h e i r p o i n t o f v i e w h a d n e i t h e r s “ n s e n o r
validity. B u t p u b l i c w a r n i n g s h a d b c e n r e p e a t e d l y b r o a d c a s t
by t h e A l l i e s t o G e r m a n y a n d J a p a n t o t h e e ff e c t t h a t t h i s
Plea o f s u p e r i o r o r d e r s w o u l d n o t b e a c c e p t e d i n t h e c a s e
of t h o s e c h a r g e d b e f o r e p o s t - w a r A l l i e d c o u r t s w i t h w a r o r
i n t e r n a t i o n a l l a w c r i m e s , a n d t h e r e f o r e t h e y c o u l d n o t b e
said t o h a v e c o m m i t t e d t h e i r c r i m e s i n i g n o r a n c e c f t h e f a c t
t h a t t h e y w o u l d i n d u e course b e c a l l e d personally t o a c c o u n t
for t h e m i n t h e e v e n t o f a n A l l i e d v i c t o r y. I t w a s i n a n y
case f u l l y p r o v e d t h a t m a n y o f t h e B e l s e n c r i m i n a l s h a d
gone even b e y o n d t h e i r loathsome d u t y i n d e v i s i n g a n d c a r r y -
ing o u t n e w a n d u n a u t h o r i s e d m e t h o d s o f t o r t u r i n g a n d
k i l l i n g t h e i r v i c t i m s ; f e w w i l l w a s t e s y m p a t h y o n t h e m o r
consider t h e i r p u n i s h m e n t a n y t h i n g b u t e q u i t a b l e a n d
necessary.
The Japanese G e n e r a l Ya m a s h i t a ' s t r i a l a t M a n i l a d r a w s
its i m p o r t a n c e f r o m t h e c o n v e r s e r e a s o n , t h a t i n i t t h e
superior w a s h e l d r e s p o n s i b l e f o r t h e i l l e g a l a c t i o n s o f h i s
subordinates, a n d n e i t h e r t h e e x c u s e t h a t t h e G e n e r a l d i d
n o t k n o w o f t h e s e , n o r t h e p l e a t h a t h e w a s powerless t o
stop t h e m , w a s a l l o w e d t o c l e a r h i m f r o m c o m p l i c i t y i n t h e s e
actions. B u t f r o m t h e p o i n t o f v i e w o f t h e i n t e r n a t i o n a l l a w
of t h e f u t u r e , t h i s p r e c e d e n t s h o u l d h a v e a n e ff e c t n o t o n l y
converse, b u t c o m p l e m e n t a r y t o t h a t o f H e l s e n , f o r a s t h e
Belson p r e c e d e n t p r e v e n t s t h e s u b o r d i n a t e f r o m o f f - l o a d i n g
his g u i l t o n t o h i s s u p e r i o r, s o t h e M a n i l a p r e c e d e n t m a k e s
the s u p e r i o r r e s p o n s i b l e f o r n o t p r e v e n t i n g c r i m e s c o m m i t -
ted u n d e r h i s a u t h o r i t y b y h i s subordinates. T h e c o m b i n a t i o n
of t h e s e t w o d e c i s i o n s s h o u l d , t h e r e f o r e , t e n d t o a c t a s a
strong d e t e r r e n t t o p o t e n t i a l i n t e r n a t i o n a l c r i m i n a l s o f t h e
f u t u r e .
The g r e a t t r i a l o f m a j o r G e r m a n w a r c r i m i n a l s n o w i n
progress a t N u r e m b e r g , h o w e v e r, f a r e x c e e d i n i m p o r t a n c e
those t w o c o m p a r a t i v e l y s m a l l s c a l e i n d i c t m e n t s o f g u i l t y
Individuals. H e r e i s a r r a i g n e d n o t m e r e l y a s e t o f o n c e
powerful a n d u n s c r u p u l o u s m e n , b u t t h e w h o l e b a s i s o n
which, f o r t h e l a s t f i v e h u n d r e d years a t l e a s t , i n t e r n a t i o n a l
affairs h a v e b e e n c o n d u c t e d . T h e t h e o r y i s t h a t t h e r e i s n o
a u t h o r i t y a b o v e t h e S t a t e , a n d t h i s h o l d s g o o d w h e t h e r t h e
State b e represented b y a n a b s o l u t e m o n a r c h , a r u l i n g a r i s -
tocracy, o r a s e l f - g o v e r n i n g r e p u b l i c . T h e r e a r e c u s t o m s a n d
conventions r e g u l a t i n g t h e i n t e r c o u r s e b e t w e e n t h e s e a l l
powerful d e p e n d e n t S t a t e s , b u t i n t h e l a s t r e s o r t t h e r e i s
no o v e r - r i d i n g l e g a l a u t h o r i t y w h i c h c a n e n a c t o r e n f o r c e
any c o d e o f i n t e r - S t a t e b e h a v i o u r o r p r e v e n t o r p u n i s h a n y
i n f r a c t i o n o f t h e s e c u s t o m s a n d c o n v e n t i o n s . T h e U n i t e d
Nations, b y b r i n g i n g t h e f o r m e r r u l e r s o f G e r m a n y t o t r i a l
f o r b r e a c h e s o f i n t e r n a t i o n a l g o o d f a i t h a n d f o r o ff e n c e s
against t h e r u l e s o f d i p l o m a t i c b e h a v i o u r a n d t h e c u s t o m s
of w a r , h a v e n o w s e t t h e m s e l v e s u p a s a s u p e r - n a t i o n a l
a u t h o r i t y coznpowered t o d e c i d e a n d j u d g e o n t h e s e m a t t e r s .
The e v i d e n c e s o f a r p r o d u c e d s h o w s c l e a r l y t h a t t h e N a z i
WAR C R I M I N A L S
rulers o f G e r m a n y c o n d u c t e d t h e i r i n t e r n a t i o n a l r e l a t i o n s
i n a s p i r i t o f c y n i c a l c o n t e m p t a n d d i s r e g a r d o f a l l h i t h e r t o
accepted c u s t o m s a n d c o n v e n t i o n s , n o d o u b t i n t h e b e l i e f
t h a t e v e n i f G e r m a n y w e r e d e f e a t e d , t h e y w o u l d n e v e r b e
called t o a c c o u n t . I t i s e x a c t l y f o r t h i s o f f e n c e t h a t t h e y
are n o w b e i n g t r i e d , a n d t h e r e b y t h e i n t e r n a t i o n a l c o d e i s
being g i v e n w h a t i t h a s h i t h e r t o a l w a y s l a c k e d t o g i v e i t t h e
f u l l f o r c e o f a t r u e l a w — t h e p o w e r o f e n f o r c i n g i t s dictates,
or w h a t i s t e c h n i c a l l y k n o w n a s a s a n c t i o n . T h i s i s o n e o f
the m o s t i m p o r t a n t f o r w a r d s t e p s t h a t h a v e e v e r b e e n t a k e n
i n i n t e r n a t i o n a l r e l a t i o n s , f o r b y i t t h e l a w h a s b e e n b r o u g h t
level w i t h e n l i g h t e n e d p u b l i c o p i n i o n i n a f i e l d i n w h i c h
more t h a n i n a n y O t h e r i t h a s lagged b e h i n d . P u b l i c o p i n i o n
t h r o u g h o u t t h e w o r l d h a s f o r l o n g d i s a p p r o v e d t h e u n p r o -
voked aggression a n d w a r - m a k i n g ; d o e s n o t e v e n t h e m o s t
belligerent g o v e r n m e n t h a v e t o p l e a d b e f o r e i t s p e o p l e
t h a t i t s w a r s o f c o n q u e s t a r e i n r e a l i t y defensive i n purpose,
and w a g e d f o r t h e p r o t e c t i o n o f s a c r e d a n d u n d e n i a b l e
n a t i o n a l r i g h t , were t h i s Only t h e r i g h t o f a self-styled " m a s t e r
race" t o b a t t e n o n i t s i n f e r i o r s ? B u t u p t o d a t e i n f r a c t i o n s
of t h i s b a n o f p u b l i c o p i n i o n o n o ff e n s i v e c o u l d o n l y b e
countered, n o t b y l e g a l process, b u t b y a n a l l i a n c e o f o t h e r
States a c t i n g m o r e o r less a s v i g i l a n t e s , a f t e r t h e f a s h i o n o f
the l a w l e s s d a y s o n t h e f r o n t i e r s o f c i v i l i s a t i o n , a n d e v e n
after t h e c r i m i n a l n a t i o n h a d t h u s b e e n c u r b e d i n i t s c a r e e r
of w r o n g - d o i n g , t h e r u l e r s r e s p o n s i b l e f o r l e a d i n g i t a s t r a y
always e s c a p e d b e i n g c a l l e d t o i n t e r n a t i o n a l a c c o u n t f o r
t h e i r i n t e r n a t i o n a l offence. A f t e r t h e p r e c e d e n t o f N u r e m b e r g ,
they w i l l n o l o n g e r b e a b l e t o r e c k o n o n s u c h i m m u n i t y, a n d
the r e a l i s a t i o n o f t h i s f a c t c a n h a r d l y f a i l t o a c t i n s o m e
sense as a d e t e r r e n t t o f u t u r e war-makers. T h i s i s t h e p r i m a r y
importance o f these t r i a l s o f t h e s e G e r m a n r u l e r s w h o shared
between t h e m t h e r e s p o n s i b i l i t y o f d e l i b e r a t e l y l e t t i n g t h e
second w o r l d w a r l o o s e o n t h e w o r l d . I f t h e w o r l d s h o u l d
need a t a n y f u t u r e t i m e t o a p p l y t h e p r e c e d e n t t o o t h e r
rulers g u i l t y o f t h e s a m e i n t e r n a t i o n a l c r i m e s , t h e c r i m i n a l s
w i l l c e r t a i n l y h a v e f i r s t t o b e a p p r e h e n d e d a n d c o n f i n e d , a n d
I t m a y n e e d a n o t h e r w a r t o d o t h i s ; b u t t h i s d o n e , t h e l a w
is n o w t h e r e u n d e r w h i c h t h e y c a n b e d u l y t r i e d , c o n v i c t e d
and p u n i s h e d , i n ; u 11 a c c o r d a n c e w i t h t h e c o n s c i e n c e a n d
demands o f c i v i l i s e d m a n k i n d .
THE N U F F I E L D C E N T R E ,
Hundreds o f t h o u s a n d s o f ex-Service m e n a n d women, n o w
i n C i v v y Street, r e m e m b e r w i t h pleasure t h e t i m e s t h e y v i s i t e d
the N u ff i e l d C e n t r e i n Wa r d o u r S t r e e t , L o n d o n , W.
Since t h e Centre, u n d e r t h e auspices o f t h e N u ff i e l d T r u s t
f o r t h e Forces o f t h e Crown, f i r s t Opened i t s doors on September
1st, 1943, close o n 3,000,000 m e m b e r s o f t h e Forces h a v e u s e d
its f a c i l i t i e s . S o m e i d e a o f t h e b e n e f i t s t h e y h a v e d e r i v e d
f r o m i t s i n a u g u r a t i o n c a n be gained f r o m t h e f o l l o w i n g figures
of t h e c a t e r i n g a c t i v i t i e s u p t o t h e e n d o f J a n u a r y t h i s year.
2,274,000 M E A L S SERVED.
2,274,000 m e a l s s e r v e d , i n c l u d i n g 840,000 m a i n m e a l s .
84,000 b r e a k f a s t s , 610,000 s u b s i d i a r y m e a l s , 740,000 t e a s , a n d
2,600,000 beverages, e x c l u d i n g b e e r a n d m i n e r a l s .
The p r i m a r y m o t i v e f o r t h e f o u n d a t i o n o f t h e C e n t r e was
to p r o v i d e r e f r e s h m e n t , e n t e r t a i n m e n t , a n d r e c r e a t i o n f o r m e n
and w o m e n b e l o w c o m m i s s i o n e d r a n k o n leave, i n t r a n s i t , o r
serving i n L o n d o n .
For t h i s purpose, t h e f o r m e r E m p i r e R e s t a u r a n t a n d Cafe
de P a r i s w e r e m e r g e d a n d a r r a n g e d t o a ff o r d t h e f o l l o w i n g : —
Cafeteria, s n a c k - b a r, d a n c e a n d e n t e r t a i n m e n t h a l l , i n f o r m a -
t i o n b u r e a u , lounge, b i l l i a r d s r o o m , games r o o m , w r i t i n g r o o m ,
s u i t e f o r w o m e n ' s services, t a i l o r ' s shop, b a r b e r ' s s h o p , d r y i n g
room a n d f i r s t a i d r o o m .
Dancing t a k e s p l a c e e v e r y evening, l i g h t o r c h e s t r a l m u s i c
is p r o v i d e d e v e r y a f t e r n o o n , v a r i e t y e n t e r t a i n m e n t s a r e g i v e n
twice a week, w h i l e t h e r e are a l s o c u l t u r a l l e c t u r e s a n d t a l k s ,
sight-seeing t o u r s , classical c o n c e r t s , F r e n c h classes, a n d , i n
the s p o r t s l i n e , b a d m i n t o n , b i l l i a r d s , t a b l e t e n n i s , a n d d a r t s .