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Main Reference: Main Reference
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tarix | 01.08.2018 | ölçüsü | 50,5 Kb. | | #60512 |
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Main Reference: Main Reference: Hollister, C. Warren. Medieval Europe. Russell, Jeffrey B. A History of Medieval Christianity. (Barraclough, Geoffrey. Medieval Papacy.)
“Medieval Western History” “Medieval Western History” What? = between the Age of Antiquity (Greco-Roman) & the Modern Age = The Age of Faith (Christianity) in contrast to the later Age of Reason
BUT, definitely NOT the “Dark Ages”! BUT, definitely NOT the “Dark Ages”! *Hollister, Medieval Europe *Strayer, Joseph. On the Medieval Origins of the Modern State Magna Carta in England, 1215 --- Parliament --- constitutional monarchy The rise of University: Paris, Oxford, Cambridge, etc. [Baldwin, John W. The Scholastic Culture of the Middle Ages, 1000-1300]
Where? Where? Europe When? From the Fall of the Western Roman Empire (476, politically [Edward Gibbon]; or 8th century, socially, economically, & culturally [Henri Pirenne]) (Gibbon, The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire 6 volumes) (Pirenne, The Pirenne Thesis) to the Renaissance (14th century) or the Discovery of the New World (1492/1500)
According to Gibbon, the causes for the decline and fall of the Roman Empire were: According to Gibbon, the causes for the decline and fall of the Roman Empire were: too big, too old; barbarian invasion; most strikingly, the rise of Christianity!!!
passive doctrines: passive doctrines: “Love your enemies, do good to those who hate you, bless those who curse you, pray for those who treat you spitefully.” (Luke, 6:20-29) “When a man hit you on the cheek, offer him the other cheek, too. When a man takes your coat, let him have your shirt as well …..” Refute: BUT, there are positive aspects of Christianity, too! “Treat others as you would like them to treat you.” “Love thy (your) neighbor as thyself (yourself).”
Love, forgiveness, and charity : appealing to the distressed, down-trodden, disinherited, despairing, and the poor (majority)! “For everyone who exalts himself will be humbled, and whoever who find consolation. Blessed are the merciful, for they shall obtain mercy.” (Luke 14:8-11) All in all, there are “Hope” and “Promises”!
Waste of intellectuals Waste of intellectuals St. Jerome (c. 340-420) translated the Bible into Latin Retreat to the mountains ( ---- later, medieval monasticism) [Lawrence, C.H. Medieval Monasticism: Forms of Religious Life in Western Europe in the Middle Ages; The Friars: The Impact of the Early Mendicant Movement on Western Society]
(c) St. Augustine of Hippo (c. 354-430), City of God (c) St. Augustine of Hippo (c. 354-430), City of God Refute: religion can be a vnifying political force (Christianity in Norman England, and Buddhism & Taoism in T’ang China), and a charitable social force
St. Augustine (“Faith”) baptized Plato (by contemplating, by thinking, etc.) St. Augustine (“Faith”) baptized Plato (by contemplating, by thinking, etc.) (Plato, pure mathematics, philosophy [the love of wisdom], metaphysics; “the unmoved mover, the uncaused cause --- the prime mover”) From St. Augustine (to Thomas Aquinas) : “Faith” (over Reason) (on the contrary, Aristotle [by experiment] famous for zoology, science) Thomas Aquinas: “faith and reason” (“to prove the existence of God”)
Feudalism Feudalism Ganshof, F. L. Feudalism Stephenson, Carl. Medieval Feudalism Coulborn, Rushton. Feudalism in History *(anything but systematic, unlike Chinese) Bloch, Marc. Feudal Society (:a “stratified pyramid”) Cause of consequence of “decentralization/anarchy”? Hollister: a “constructive response”
Charlemagne, the “Holy Roman Emperor”, Charlemagne, the “Holy Roman Emperor”, The age of Charlemagne (8th century) witnessed the synthesis of Classical (Greco-Roman), Christian, and Germanic culture Lopez, Robert. The Birth of Europe Pope Leo III “The Coronation” (Christmas, 800) (cf. 1804: Emperor Napoleon (I) of France)
Empire versus papacy Empire versus papacy 1046, Holy Roman Emperor Henry III deposed 3 popes until Pope Leo IX (1049-54) 1056, Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV (6 years old), r. 1056-1106 Meanwhile, reforms in the papacy since then, popes have been elected by Cardinals (freed of secular interference) Pope Gregory VII (1073-85) (Berman, Harold J. Law and Revolution: The Formation of the Western Tradition)
*1075, Dictatus Papae (The Theory of Papal Supremacy) *1075, Dictatus Papae (The Theory of Papal Supremacy) banning “lay investiture” (lay control of ecclesiastical appointments) lay = secular ecclesiastical = church traditionally, a newly chosen bishop was invested by a lay lord with a ring and pastoral staff, symbolic of his marriage to the Church and his duty to be a good shepherd to his Christian flock 1076, “Archbishop of Milan” Pope Gregory VII excommunicated & deposed Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV
Pope Urban II (1088-99) Pope Urban II (1088-99) First Crusade (1094/95-99) Pope Innocent III (1198-1216) Most “powerful” medieval pope “Two Swords Theory” climax Pope Boniface VIII (1294-1303) 1302, Unam Sanctam (“One Sword Theory”) anti-climax King Philip the Fair of France, r. 1285-1314
The Crusades (Expansion of External and “Internal” Frontiers) The Crusades (Expansion of External and “Internal” Frontiers) Works of Aristotle were translated back from the Arabian world to Europe “science” “reason” Albertus Magnus (Albert the Great), Dominican Thomas Aquinas (faith and “reason”) The “mendicant” priests: St. Francis of Assisi and the Franciscans Lawrence, C.H. The Friars: The Impact of the Early Mendicant Movement on Western Society
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