Main Reference: Main Reference



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Main Reference:

  • Main Reference:

  • Hollister, C. Warren. Medieval Europe.

  • Russell, Jeffrey B. A History of Medieval Christianity.

  • (Barraclough, Geoffrey. Medieval Papacy.)



“Medieval Western History”

  • “Medieval Western History”

  • What?

  • The Middle Ages in Europe

  • = between the Age of Antiquity (Greco-Roman)

  • & the Modern Age

  • = The Age of Faith (Christianity)

  • in contrast to the later Age of Reason



BUT, definitely NOT the “Dark Ages”!

  • BUT, definitely NOT the “Dark Ages”!

  • *Hollister, Medieval Europe

  • *Strayer, Joseph. On the Medieval Origins of the Modern State

  • Magna Carta in England, 1215 --- Parliament --- constitutional monarchy

  • The rise of University: Paris, Oxford, Cambridge, etc.

  • [Baldwin, John W. The Scholastic Culture of the Middle Ages, 1000-1300]



Where?

  • Where?

  • Europe

  • When?

  • From the Fall of the Western Roman Empire (476, politically [Edward Gibbon]; or 8th century, socially, economically, & culturally [Henri Pirenne])

  • (Gibbon, The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire 6 volumes)

  • (Pirenne, The Pirenne Thesis)

  • to the Renaissance (14th century)

  • or the Discovery of the New World (1492/1500)



According to Gibbon, the causes for the decline and fall of the Roman Empire were:

  • According to Gibbon, the causes for the decline and fall of the Roman Empire were:

  • too big, too old;

  • barbarian invasion;

  • most strikingly, the rise of Christianity!!!



passive doctrines:

  • passive doctrines:

  • “Love your enemies, do good to those who hate you, bless those who curse you, pray for those who treat you spitefully.” (Luke, 6:20-29)

  • “When a man hit you on the cheek, offer him the other cheek, too. When a man takes your coat, let him have your shirt as well …..”

  • Refute: BUT, there are positive aspects of Christianity, too!

  • “Treat others as you would like them to treat you.”

  • “Love thy (your) neighbor as thyself (yourself).”



Love, forgiveness, and charity

  • Love, forgiveness, and charity

  • : appealing to the distressed, down-trodden, disinherited, despairing, and

  • the poor (majority)!

  • “For everyone who exalts himself will be humbled, and whoever who

  • humbles himself will be exalted. Blessed are the sorrowful, for they shall

  • find consolation. Blessed are the merciful, for they shall obtain mercy.”

  • (Luke 14:8-11)

  • All in all, there are “Hope” and “Promises”!



Waste of intellectuals

  • Waste of intellectuals

  • St. Jerome (c. 340-420) translated the Bible into Latin

  • Retreat to the mountains ( ---- later, medieval monasticism)

  • [Lawrence, C.H. Medieval Monasticism: Forms of Religious Life in Western Europe in the Middle Ages; The Friars: The Impact of the Early Mendicant Movement on Western Society]



(c) St. Augustine of Hippo (c. 354-430), City of God

  • (c) St. Augustine of Hippo (c. 354-430), City of God

  • Refute: religion can be a vnifying political force (Christianity in Norman England, and Buddhism & Taoism in T’ang China), and a charitable social force



St. Augustine (“Faith”) baptized Plato (by contemplating, by thinking, etc.)

  • St. Augustine (“Faith”) baptized Plato (by contemplating, by thinking, etc.)

  • (Plato, pure mathematics, philosophy [the love of wisdom], metaphysics; “the unmoved mover, the uncaused cause --- the prime mover”)

  • From St. Augustine (to Thomas Aquinas) : “Faith” (over Reason)

  • (on the contrary, Aristotle [by experiment] famous for zoology, science)

  • Thomas Aquinas: “faith and reason” (“to prove the existence of God”)



Feudalism

  • Feudalism

  • Ganshof, F. L. Feudalism

  • Stephenson, Carl. Medieval Feudalism

  • Coulborn, Rushton. Feudalism in History

  • *(anything but systematic, unlike Chinese)

  • Bloch, Marc. Feudal Society (:a “stratified pyramid”)

  • Cause of consequence of “decentralization/anarchy”?

  • Hollister: a “constructive response”



Charlemagne, the “Holy Roman Emperor”,

  • Charlemagne, the “Holy Roman Emperor”,

  • a typical medieval warrior feudal king

  • The age of Charlemagne (8th century) witnessed the synthesis of Classical (Greco-Roman), Christian, and Germanic culture

  • Lopez, Robert. The Birth of Europe

  • Pope Leo III

  • “The Coronation” (Christmas, 800)

  • (cf. 1804: Emperor Napoleon (I) of France)



Empire versus papacy

  • Empire versus papacy

  • 1046, Holy Roman Emperor Henry III deposed 3 popes until

  • Pope Leo IX (1049-54)

  • 1056, Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV (6 years old), r. 1056-1106

  • Meanwhile, reforms in the papacy

  • 1059 Papal Election Decree

  • since then, popes have been elected by Cardinals (freed of secular interference)

  • Pope Gregory VII (1073-85)

  • (Berman, Harold J. Law and Revolution: The Formation of the Western Tradition)



*1075, Dictatus Papae (The Theory of Papal Supremacy)

  • *1075, Dictatus Papae (The Theory of Papal Supremacy)

  • banning “lay investiture” (lay control of ecclesiastical appointments)

  • lay = secular

  • ecclesiastical = church

  • traditionally, a newly chosen bishop was invested by a lay lord with a ring and pastoral staff, symbolic of his marriage to the Church and his duty to be a good shepherd to his Christian flock

  • 1076, “Archbishop of Milan”

  • Pope Gregory VII excommunicated & deposed Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV



Pope Urban II (1088-99)

  • Pope Urban II (1088-99)

  • First Crusade (1094/95-99)

  • Pope Innocent III (1198-1216)

  • Most “powerful” medieval pope

  • “Two Swords Theory”

  • climax

  • Pope Boniface VIII (1294-1303)

  • 1302, Unam Sanctam (“One Sword Theory”)

  • anti-climax

  • King Philip the Fair of France, r. 1285-1314



The Crusades (Expansion of External and “Internal” Frontiers)

  • The Crusades (Expansion of External and “Internal” Frontiers)

  • Works of Aristotle were translated back from the Arabian world to Europe

  • “science”

  • “reason”

  • Albertus Magnus (Albert the Great), Dominican

  • Thomas Aquinas (faith and “reason”)

  • The “mendicant” priests:

  • St. Dominic and the Dominicans

  • St. Francis of Assisi and the Franciscans

  • Lawrence, C.H.

  • The Friars: The Impact of the Early Mendicant Movement on Western Society



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