Methods for impurity profiling of heroin and cocaine



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METHODS FOR 

IMPURITY PROFILING OF

HEROIN AND COCAINE

MANUAL FOR USE BY NATIONAL DRUG TESTING LABORATORIES



V

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METHODS FOR IMPURITY PROFILING OF

HEROIN AND COCAINE

MANUAL FOR USE BY NATIONAL DRUG TESTING LABORATORIES

Laboratory and Scientific Section

United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime

Vienna

UNITED NATIONS 

New York, 2005



Note

Operating and experimental conditions are reproduced from the original reference

materials. A number of alternative conditions and substitution of named commer-

cial products may provide comparable results in many cases.

Mention of names of firms and commercial products does not imply the

endorsement of the United Nations.

ST/NAR/35

UNITED NATIONS PUBLICATION

Sales No. E.05.XI.14

ISBN 92-1-148206-2




Acknowledgements

The Laboratory and Scientific Section of the United Nations Office on Drugs and

Crime (UNODC) wishes to express its thanks to the following experts who par-

ticipated in the Consultative Meeting on Recommended Methods for the Impurity

Profiling of Heroin and Cocaine, organized by UNODC, in collaboration with the

Australian Government Analytical Laboratories, in Sydney, Australia, from 8 to

12 November 1999, for their contribution to the contents of the present manual:

Mr. Olivier Guéniat, Police de sûreté, Neuchâtel, Switzerland

Mr. Adrian V. Kemmenoe, Forensic Science Service (FSS), Birmingham

Laboratory, Birmingham, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern

Ireland

Mr. Helmut Neumann, Kriminaltechnisches Institut, Bundeskriminalamt



(BKA), Wiesbaden, Germany

Ms. Jana Skopec,* Australian Government Analytical Laboratories (AGAL),

Pymble, New South Wales, Australia

Mr. James Wong, Bureau of Drug Analysis Services (BDAS), Health Canada,

Western Region Health Protection Branch, Burnaby, British Columbia,

Canada


The Laboratory and Scientific Section also wishes to express its thanks to

Mr. Don Cooper and Mr. Helmut Neumann for reviewing, updating and finaliz-

ing the manuscript, also using additional contributions from the participants.**

iii

*Now with Agrifor Scientific Pty Ltd., Australia.

**Contact details of named individuals can be requested from the UNODC Laboratory and Scientific

Section (P.O. Box 500, 1400 Vienna, Austria).





Contents

page

I.

Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

A.

Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1



B.

Purpose  of  the  manual. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

C.

Use  of  the  manual . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3



II.

Aspects of drug characterization and impurity profiling . . . . . . . . . . 5

A.

Background,  concepts,  purpose  and  strategies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5



B.

Analytical implications of heroin and cocaine manufacture 

and  supply . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

1. Determination  of  origin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

2. Establishing  trafficking  and  distribution  networks . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

C.

Types  and  investigational  value  of  sample  components . . . . . . . . . 10



1. Major  components. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

2. Trace  components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

3. Residual  and/or  occluded  solvents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

III.

Methods for impurity profiling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

A.

General  comments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13



B.

Heroin  methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

1. Hydrolysis  of  heroin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

2. Methods  for  the  determination  of  major  components  . . . . . . . . 16

3. Methods  for  the  determination  of  trace  components . . . . . . . . . 25

4. Residual  solvent  analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31

5. Additional  methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34

C.

Cocaine  methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35



1. Methods  for  the  determination  of  major  components. . . . . . . . . 36

2. Methods  for  the  determination  of  trace  components . . . . . . . . . 39

3. Residual  solvent  analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44

4. Additional  methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45



IV.

Data handling, interpretation of results and approach to setting 

up profiling data collections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47

A.

Data  handling. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47



B.

Interpretation  of  results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49

C.

Approach  to  setting  up  profiling  data  collections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49



v

4. Trace  elements  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

5. Isotopic abundance  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12



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