Методические указания к практическим (семинарским) занятиям " Basis of biochemistry " Agrarian Faculty
Yüklə 231,45 Kb.
|
Agrarian Faculty Department of Ecology and Environmental Protection METHODICAL INSTRUCTION the practical (seminary) lessons on discipline "BASIS OF BIOCHEMISTRY" For students of specialty 5V060800 - "ECOLOGY" Semey 2016 FOREWORD
Compiled by _______ "31" in August 2016, a senior lecturer of the department "Ecology and Environmental Protection" Melnik M.S.
Methodical instructions discussed at a meeting of the department "Ecology and Environmental Protection, Minutes from the "31" on August 2016 year, № 1. Head of the department ___________ Kabysheva Zh.K. Methodical instructions are recommended for use in the educational process at a meeting of educational and methodical bureau Agrarian Faculty Minutes from the "1" on September 2016 year, № 1. Chairman _________ Tleubaeva A.V. CONTENT 1. INTRODUCTION 2. MAIN PART 2.1 CONCEPTUAL APPARATUS 2.2 PRACTICAL CLASSES TOPICS 2.3 NOTES TO TYPICAL TASKS 3. USED BOOKS 1. INTRODUCTION
Tasks of laboratory work: the acquisition of skills in working with laboratory equipment, including modern equipment. During the laboratory work students acquire the following professional competence: 1. Knowledge of the theory of the fundamental chapters of Biological Chemistry. 2. Ability to apply basic laws of biological chemistry in the discussion of the results, including with the involvement of information databases. 3. Skills of chemical experiment, skills of use of physical and chemical methods of research systems and processes occurring in time. 4. Skills of work on a modern educational and scientific equipment during chemical experiments. 5. Understanding the need for safe handling of chemicals, taking into account their physical and chemical properties. 6. Acquire and interpret data in the laboratory 7. Demonstrate an understanding of the properties of biomolecules and be able to predict behaviour of molecules from structures. 8. Demonstrate an ability to name and write structures for representative molecules of the major classes of biochemicals
1. Conduct yourself in a responsible manner at all times in the laboratory. 2. Follow all written and verbal instructions carefully. If you do not understand a direction or part of a procedure, ASK YOUR TEACHER BEFORE PROCEEDING WITH THE ACTIVITY. 3. Never work alone in the laboratory. No student may work in the science classroom without the presence of the teacher. 4. When first entering a science room, do not touch any equipment, chemicals, or other materials in the laboratory area until you are instructed to do so. 5. Perform only those experiments authorized by your teacher. Carefully follow all instructions, both written and oral. Unauthorized experiments are not allowed. 6. Do not eat food, drink beverages, or chew gum in the laboratory. Do not use laboratory glassware as containers for food or beverages. 7. Be prepared for your work in the laboratory. Read all procedures thoroughly before entering the laboratory. Never fool around in the laboratory. Horseplay, practical jokes, and pranks are dangerous and prohibited. 8. Always work in a well-ventilated area. 9. Observe good housekeeping practices. Work areas should be kept clean and tidy at all times. 10. Be alert and proceed with caution at all times in the laboratory. Notify the teacher immediately of any unsafe conditions you observe. 11. Dispose of all chemical waste properly. Never mix chemicals in sink drains. Sinks are to be used only for water. Check with your teacher for disposal of chemicals and solutions. 12. Labels and equipment instructions must be read carefully before use. Set up and use the equipment as directed by your teacher. 13. Keep hands away from face, eyes, mouth, and body while using chemicals or lab equipment. Wash your hands with soap and water after performing all experiments. 14. Experiments must be personally monitored at all times. Do not wander around the room, distract other students, startle other students or interfere with the laboratory experiments of others. 15. Know the locations and operating procedures of all safety equipment including: first aid kit(s), and fire extinguisher. Know where the fire alarm and the exits are located. 16. Know what to do if there is a fire drill during a laboratory period; containers must be closed, and any electrical equipment turned off.
17. Any time chemicals, heat, or glassware are used, students will wear safety goggles. NO EXCEPTIONS TO THIS RULE! 18. Contact lenses may be not be worn in the laboratory. 19. Dress properly during a laboratory activity. Long hair, dangling jewelry, and loose or baggy clothing are a hazard in the laboratory. Long hair must be tied back, and dangling jewelry and baggy clothing must be secured. Shoes must completely cover the foot. No sandals allowed on lab days. 20. A lab coat or smock should be worn during laboratory experiments.
21. Report any accident (spill, breakage, etc.) or injury (cut, burn, etc.) to the teacher immediately, no matter how trivial it seems. Do not panic. 22. If you or your lab partner is hurt, immediately (and loudly) yell out the teacher's name to get the teacher's attention. Do not panic. 23. If a chemical should splash in your eye(s) or on your skin, immediately flush with running water for at least 20 minutes. Immediately (and loudly) yell out the teacher's name to get the teacher's attention. Handling chemicals 24. All chemicals in the laboratory are to be considered dangerous. Avoid handling chemicals with fingers. Always use a tweezer. When making an observation, keep at least 1 foot away from the specimen. Do not taste, or smell any chemicals. 25. Check the label on all chemical bottles twice before removing any of the contents. Take only as much chemical as you need. 26. Never return unused chemicals to their original container. 27. Never remove chemicals or other materials from the laboratory area.
28. Never handle broken glass with your bare hands. Use a brush and dustpan to clean up broken glass. Place broken glass in the designated glass disposal container. 29. Examine glassware before each use. Never use chipped, cracked, or dirty glassware. 30. If you do not understand how to use a piece of equipment, ASK THE TEACHER FOR HELP! 31. Do not immerse hot glassware in cold water. The glassware may shatter.
32. Do not operate a hot plate by yourself. Take care that hair, clothing, and hands are a safe distance from the hot plate at all times. Use of hot plate is only allowed in the presence of the teacher. 33. Heated glassware remain very hot for a long time. They should be set aside in a designated place to cool, and picked up with caution. Use tongs or heat protective gloves if necessary. 34. Never look into a container that is being heated. 35. Do not place hot apparatus directly on the laboratory desk. Always use an insulated pad. Allow plenty of time for hot apparatus to cool before touching it.
2. After performance of an experiment on laboratory work, calculation of necessary sizes, creation of schedules work is protected. 3. The laboratory works issued according to the standard have to contain the following items: 3.1. Work purpose. 3.2. Short theoretical introduction.
3.5. Conclusions on work with justification of possible deviations from theoretical sizes. 4. Protection of laboratory works is carried out to time of classroom occupation. 5. On protection of laboratory work the executed calculations are checked, quality of registration and correctness of creation of schedules are estimated, logicality of conclusions is analyzed, answers to the theoretical questions assuming knowledge of lecture material of this subject are estimated. If on a subject laboratory work at the time of her protection of lectures wasn't, then by preparation of the theory it is necessary to be guided by the control questions given in the end of laboratory works. 6. Those who haven't protected made aren't allowed to performance of the following laboratory work. 2. MAIN PART 2.1. The conceptual apparatus "Rule of 10%" (rule of the pyramid energy R. Lindemann): from one trophic level ecological pyramid moves to another higher its level (the "ladder" producer - consumer), on average, about 10% received the previous uro¬ven energy . Abiotic factors - factors of inanimate nature (cosmic, geophysical, climatic, spatial, temporal, etc.) that have a direct or indirect impact on living organisms. Act of tolerance (V.Shelford): environmental factors, with specific conditions pessimal (unfavorable as a minimum, and excess) value that limits the ability of the species in these conditions, in spite of and in spite of the optimal combination of certain other conditions. Agrocenoses - community of organisms cultured and accompanying them in agriculture. Amensalizm - type of interspecies relationships, in which in a joint environment, one kind of organism suppresses susche¬stvovanie another species without experiencing resistance. Anthropogenic factors - factors that have arisen as a result of human activity. Autotrophs - organisms can synthesize or¬ganicheskoe agent of carbon dioxide, water and salts mine¬ralnyh. energy sources are used for the biosynthesis of light (in photoautotrophs) or oxidation of a number of inorganic substances (in chemoautotrophs). Bio-accumulation - the accumulation of substances (man-made pollutants) in the body increasing trophic levels. Biogen - a nutrient; nutrients, nutrients essential chemical elements that make up the substance of living organisms, carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus. Boreal zone - the zone of temperate forests. Chemosynthesis - synthesis of organic substances in chemoautotrophic bacteria using as power sources of certain inorganic oxidizing substances. Co-evolution - in parallel, the joint conjugate evolution of mankind and nature. Consuments - heterotrophic organisms (mostly animals) who consume organic matter other plant organisms (herbivores - herbivores) and animals (carnivores - zoophages). Cryostasis - temporary total suspension of the body's vital functions associated with the onset of unfavorable conditions or with extreme phase of individual development. Depopulation - a reduction in population, population. Desertification (aridity) - the process of depletion of vegetation associated with a persistent reduction in moisture areas, its transformation in the arid zone, topically, followed by the previous member of the chain. Detritophages - organisms that feed on detritus (saprophagous). Detritus - dead organic matter, isolation and decay organisms products. Disadaptation - violations of vital activity caused by the incompleteness of acclimation, the inability to fully adapt to changing environmental conditions. Dissimilation - the disintegration of complex organic substances in the body, accompanied by the release of energy, which is used in the processes of life. Ecological culture - system of scientific knowledge about the human interaction of society and nature; environmental value orientations, rules and regulations; moral and aesthetic attitude towards nature; skills for the study of nature and its protection. Edafon - a set of soil animal population of the Earth's thermal radiation air. Education - a relatively meaningful and purposeful nurturing person in accordance with the specific objectives of groups and organizations, in which it is carried out. Ektotermy - organisms, the body temperature is a little different from the temperature of the environment and follow its changes: lower organisms, plants, cold-blooded animals. Emergence - the emergence of completely new properties of the interaction of two or more objects or phenomena, properties that are not simply the sum of the original. Endotherm - warm-blooded animals birds and mammals, are capable of using the internal mechanisms of thermoregulation to maintain a relatively constant body temperature, to a certain extent independent of the ambient temperature. " Environmental - trudnosti crisis, environmental problems due to anthropogenic human activities. Environmental education - the formation of the human conscious perception of the environment, the conviction of the need for respect for nature, rational use of its wealth of natural resources. Environmental education - tselenapravlennaya specially organized, systematic educational activities aimed at the development of environmental education and upbringing of children, on the formation of environmental awareness and skills for the study of nature and its protection. Environmental education and training of students - pedagogical process, which ultimately should provide insight into the importance of proper behavior in the natural environment, the ability to anticipate and assess the impact of its activities, the realization that the man part of nature / Environmental upbringing - purposeful human development, including the formation of its ecological culture, the perception of not only the public, but also of environmental norms and values; Eurybionts (evrieki) - organisms that exist in a wide range of changes in environmental conditions: temperature (evritermy), humidity (evrigidridnye organisms), food choices (euryphages), etc. Eutrophication - the excessive enrichment of water with nutrients. Gene flow - the process of undirected random changes in gene frequency in a population. Heterotrophic organisms - organisms that feed on organic matter ready. Hibernation - a significant reduction in the level of life upon the occurrence of adverse external conditions (for example, hibernating animals). Homeostasis - the ability of an organism or organisms of the system to maintain stable dynamic equilibrium in a changing environment. Humid Zone - area or natural-climatic zone with high Law of constancy of the amount of living matter of the biosphere (Vernadsky): The number of living matter (biomass of all organisms) for the biosphere of the geological eras. Noogenesis (noospherogenesis) - the process of formation of the noosphere. optimality law: any system with the highest efficiency in the functioning of some specific spatio-temporal limits to her. Phenotype - a set of genetically determined characteristics and properties of the organism. Photoperiodism - change the state of biological systems due to the natural rhythm of light exposure, the change of day and night, seasonal changes in the length of daylight. Phytocoenosis - multispecies plant community. Phytophagy - herbivorous animals. Phytoplankton - a set of micro-algae, small plant organisms that live in the water column Rule D.Allena: increase protruding body parts of one species or closely related species of warm-blooded animals (limbs, tail, ears) when moving from north to south. Rule K.Bergmana: warm-blooded animals, subject to geographical variation, the body size of individuals statistically (on average) more than in populations living in colder parts of its range. Security Environment - the degree of protection of the territorial complex ecosystems, the human potential of the eco-logical lesions derived from the magnitude of environmental risk. Technosphere - "technical envelope" - artificially transformed space of the planet, being under the influence of human industrial activity products. The capacity of the ecosystem - the maximum size of the population of one species, this ecosystem which is capable of supporting in certain environmental conditions for a long time. The law of irreversibility of evolution (L. Dollo): evolution is irreversible; organism (population, species) can not return to their previous state, already implemented in a number of his ancestors. The noosphere - the letters "thinking envelope", the scope of reason; according to Vernadsky - a qualitatively new, higher stage of development of the biosphere under the control of a reasonable human activity. The ontogenesis - the individual development of the organism; multicellular egg from fertilization to aging and death. Valence Environment - (tolerance limits) the characteristic type of ability, populations exist in different Valeology - science for the preservation and strengthening of health, healthy lifestyles. Zoophages - carnivorous organisms that feed on other animals or their species (cannibalism). Environmental education - process of mastering by students the system of scientific knowledge about the natural environment as the reality of human life, about the impact of industrial activity on the environment of society, as well as the knowledge and skills of environmental activities. Environmental awareness -environmental knowledge (information, conclusions and generalizations) about the natural environment and interacting with her man, ecological thinking, feeling and will. Environmental science is a generic of the relation of organisms in the environment (Haeckel), the science of organization and functioning supraorganismal systems at various levels: the populations of species, biocenoses (communities), ecosystems and the biosphere. Practical work № 1 Topic: Biochemistry subject Qualitative analysis of fat-soluble vitamins The purpose of the work: Consider the qualitative reactions tofat-soluble vitamins. Qualitative reactions to vitamin A Reaction with sulfuric acid Principle of the method. Vitamin A gives color reaction with sulphuric acid. The received bond is painted in blue-violet color. Chemism of reaction it is final on examinations. Devices: Rack with test tubes(test tubes must be dry). Reactants: Vitamin A solution in oil (industrial medicine). Сoncentrated sulfuric acid.
Work description. In a test tube pour 3 drops of Solutio oleosa of vitamin A and add 1 drop of sulphuric acid. In a test tube the blue-violet staining appears. Qualitative reactions to vitamin D Reaction with aniline Principle of the method. Vitamin D at interaction with an aniline reactant when warming is painted in red color. Devices: Rack with test tubes. Reactants: Aniline reactant (mix 15 parts of aniline and 1 part of the concentrated hydrochloric acid). Work description. In a dry test tube pour 1 ml of working fat, 1 ml of an admixture of aniline with the hydrochloric acid, mix, carefully heat at constant stirring of a dokipeniya and boil half-minute. In the presence of vitamin D turning yellow emulsions gains green, and then red color in the beginning. Qualitative reactions to vitamin Е Reaction with nitric acid. Work description: In 2 test tubes pour 2-3 drops of Solutio oleosa of vitamin E. To the first test tube add 1-2 ml of water, to the second – the same amount of the concentrated nitric acid. Both test tubes heat on the boiling water bath of 10 min. In a test tube with nitric acid the oil layer of vitamin is painted in orange-red color. To make out results of works in table 1. Table 1
Questions for self-preparation of students:
Yüklə 231,45 Kb. Dostları ilə paylaş:
| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||