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Acta Sci. Pol., Hortorum Cultus 13(5) 2014, 91-105

DIFFERENCES IN THE STRUCTURE OF FRUIT BUDS

IN TWO APPLE CULTIVARS WITH PARTICULAR

EMPHASIS ON FEATURES RESPONSIBLE FOR FRUIT

STORABILITY AND QUALITY

Agata Konarska

University of Life Sciences in Lublin

Abstract. ‘Jonagold’ and ‘Szampion’ are winter apple cultivars, whose fruits are suitable

for long-term storage. However, fruits of these cultivars differ markedly in the type of the

surface and the rate and volume of water transpiration, which is manifested in fruit quality

after storage and the length of apple shelf life. A majority of factors responsible for fruit

quality and storability are genetically conditioned traits that are mainly developed before

fruits reach harvest maturity or still develop during the storage period. The micromor-

phology, anatomy, and ultrastructure of 21-day-old fruit buds of the ‘Jonagold’ and

‘Szampion’ were examined using light microscopy as well as scanning and transmission

electron microscopy. The analyses were particularly focused on the traits that determine

fruit firmness and storability, which contribute to long-term storage capacity. It was found

that the fruit buds in both cultivars differed significantly in the number of trichome scars

and stomata on the fruit surface, the thickness of the hypodermis layer and the hypoder-

mis cell walls, and in the content of phenolic compound deposits. At the fruit bud stage,

the following features related to increased or decreased fruit firmness and storability were

observed: platelet crystalline wax, cuticle microcracks, stomata and trichome scars, and

presence of phenolic compounds.

Key words: apple fruit buds, fruit peel, micromorphology, histology and ultrastructure,

cuticle and epicuticular wax, microcracks, phenol compounds

INTRODUCTION

Apple cultivars are hybrids of Malus domestica (Borkh). They differ in many traits,

e.g. the timing of reaching harvest and consumption maturity and long-term shelf life of

fruits, which are largely dependent on the genetic background as well as on climatic and

storage conditions [Rejman 1994, Kruczy ska 2008]. Apple fruits develop from the

ovary of the flower and from the floral tube (receptacle). The development proceeds in

Corresponding author: Agata Konarska, Department of Botany, University of Life Sciences in

Lublin, Akademicka 15, 20-950 Lublin, Poland, e-mail: agata.konarska@up.lublin.pl

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Acta Sci. Pol.

two distinct stages, and the fruit growth curve has a form of a sigmoid curve [Miller et

al. 1987, Westwood 1995]. During the development, the fruit size and weight increase

systematically, while firmness and acidity decline [Atay et al. 2010]. The first stage of

fruit development, i.e. the so-called fruit bud stage, is characterised by very intensive

cell divisions (up to 8–10 weeks after anthesis). During this period, fruits are firm and

contain a lot of starch, tannins and acids; therefore, they are tart and sour. In the second

stage, between mid-June and harvest time, the fruit volume increases through enlarge-

ment of the intercellular spaces and cell volume. Additionally, accumulation of food

reserves occurs, large vacuoles emerge in the cells, and the water content in fruits in-

creases in this stage. Physical changes in fruits are accompanied by chemical processes

leading to reduction of the content of tannins and intensive accumulation of pigments,

sugars, organic acids, fatty substances and pectins, volatile substances, vitamins, and

minerals [Pieni ek 2000, Atay et al. 2010].

Fruits of different varieties of Malus vary with the the type of the fruit surface and

peel structure and exhibit variation in the intensity of transpiration [Belding et al. 1998,

Veraverbake et al. 2001a]. These traits are primarily associated with the amounts of

cuticular (intra- and epicuticular) waxes as well as the number and depth of epidermal

microcracks [Gordon et al. 1998, Maguire et al. 2000, Veraverbake et al. 2003b, Konar-

ska 2012]. A great impact on fruit transpiration is also exerted by the number of

“opened” (active) stomata and lenticels per unit surface area and, to a small extent, by

cuticle thickness and the number of hypodermis layers [Veraverbake 2001b, 2003b,

Homutová and Blažek 2006]. These features prevent or promote fruit water loss, which

is reflected in their firmness, post-storage quality (attractiveness), and the length of shelf

life [Riederer and Schreiber 1995, Czernyszewicz 2007]. The peel morphology play

also an important role in determining the distributions of water, carbohydrates, and

nutrients inside the fruit [Cieslak et al. 2013]. According to Khanal and Knoche [2014]

the epidermal and hypodermal cell layers represent the structural backbone of an apple

peel during pre- and postharvest development, whereas cutical membrane microcrack-

ing has limited relevance to the overall mechanical properties of the peel. Recent re-

search shows that, similar to the cuticle layer, the outer layer of the cuticle (cuticle

proper) contains polysaccharides (cellulose and pectin), which can affect the rheological

properties of cuticles and may actively contribute to the bi-directional transport of water

and solutes [Guzmán et al. 2014]. Moreover, optical coherence tomography which is

a new non-destructive technique to visualize subsurface structures of materials, can be

used to demonstrate peel structural differences between apples, as well as to measure

structural changes that occur during storage [Verboven et al. 2013].

In previous studies, the author of the paper found that, the peels of two apple culti-

vars ‘Jonagold’ and ‘Szampion’ differed in many quantitative and qualitative traits of

their micromorphology, anatomy, and ultrastructure at the harvest and consumption

maturity stage [Konarska 2013]. The most substantial differences between the cultivars

involved the quantity and forms of epicuticular wax and the total wax weight; the depth

of cuticular microcracks; the number of stomata and lenticels; cuticle thickness and the

size of epidermal cells; the thickness of the hypodermis layer; and the presence of phe-

nolic compounds. The extensive literature concerning apple development and structure

does not provide detailed information about the morphology, anatomy, and ultrastruc-

Differences in the structure of fruit buds in two apple cultivars...

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Hortorum Cultus 13(5) 2014

ture of apple fruit buds or the mechanism and time of development of traits responsible

for fruit firmness and shelf-life. Determination of the duration of development of the

major qualitative fruit traits may be important for growers, who could control and mod-

ify the trait development through application of appropriate fertilisation and/or irrigation

and other agricultural treatments. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to analyse

the structure of 21-day-old ‘Jonagold’ and ‘Szampion’ fruit buds at the intensive cell

division stage and to present differences in the structure of the covering layer in these

cultivars at the micromorphological, tissue, and cellular level. Particular attention was

paid to the occurrence of traits that have an impact on subsequent quality and firmness

of fruit.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

21-day-old (21 days after anthesis) fruit buds (ca. 1-cm diameter) of ‘Jonagold’ and

‘Szampion’ apples were collected on May 15–20, 2012 in a commercial, conventionally

managed orchard near Lublin. Trees of the analysed cultivars grew in close proximity

and identical climate and soil conditions. 20 fruit buds were sampled from the crowns of

5 randomly chosen trees of both cultivars. Further analyses were carried out on peel-

comprising fragments of fruits sampled from their equatorial part.

Scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The fruit buds were carefully transported

to the laboratory to avoid damage or destruction of their surface wax layer. Next,

4 × 4 × 1-mm peel fragments were sampled from 5 fruits of each cultivar. Since fixation

of the material for SEM induces changes in the structure and destruction of the epicu-

ticular wax layer [Reed 1982], freshly sampled material was carefully mounted onto

stubs, sputter-coated with gold, and examined “live” under a TESCAN/VEGA LMU

(Tescan, USA) scanning electron microscopy at an accelerating voltage of 30 kV. Quan-

tity of wax platelets was roughly determined, while the the length and the number of

stomata and trichome scars within an area of 1 mm

of the epidermis were assessed

using the morphology software combined with SEM.

Light microscopy (LM). Using a razor blade, hand-cut cross-sections perpendicular

to the fruit axis were made through fresh peel of 10 fruit buds of ‘Jonagold’ and ‘Szam-

pion’. Further, the samples were stained with Sudan III (a saturated ethanol solution of

Sudan III) to visualize lipophilic substances in cuticle, with Lugol’s iodine in order to

detect starch, and with FeCl

to detect phenolic substances. Later, the samples were

embedded in glycerol gelatine on a glass slide and observed under the Nicon SE 102

light microscope where the thickness of the cuticle (at the mid-width of a randomly

chosen epidermal cell), the height of the epidermal cells, the number of layers of hypo-

dermis and its overall thickness, the thickness of hypodermis cell walls, and the thick-

ness of 3 layers of the parenchyma located under the hypodermis were determined in

five places under a Nikon SE 102 light microscopy. Hand-cut samples obtained from

fresh material were also observed with a stereoscopic Nikon Eclipse 90i microscope

combined with an UV filter set comprising the wavelength of EX 330–380 nm stimulat-

ing autofluorescence of cuticle and chlorophyll in order to analyse the distribution

of that substances. Images were obtained by using a digital camera (Nikon Fi1) and

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Acta Sci. Pol.

NIS-Elements Br 2 software, respectively a Zeiss Axiolmager Z1 fluorescence micro-

scope equipped with an AxioCam MR digital camera.

0.7-μm semi-thin sections were also prepared from fragments of the fruit buds,

which were stained with 1% methylene blue with 1% azur II in a 1% aqueous solution

of sodium tetraborate. The material was fixed and embedded in synthetic resin with the

standard method used in transmission electron microscope (see below). Sections were

observed by means of a Nicon Eclipse 90i microscopy.

Transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Small samples (2 × 2 × 2 mm) of

5 fruit buds of ‘Jonagold’ and ‘Szampion’ were fixed in 2% paraformaldehyde and

2.5% glutaraldehyde buffered at pH 7.4 in 0.1 M cacodylate buffer. Fixation was per-

formed at room temperature for two hours, followed by 12 hr at 4ºC. When fixed, the

samples were rinsed with 0.1 M cacodylate buffer at 4ºC for 24 hr and then treated with

1% OsO

. After passage through increasing concentrations of propylene oxide in etha-

nol and finally through pure propylene oxide, the samples were embedded for 12 hr in

Spurr Low Viscosity resin at 70ºC [Spurr 1969]. Subsequently, ultrathin sections

(70 nm thick) obtained using the Reichert Ultracut-S ultramicrotome (Vienna, Austria)

and a glass knife were transferred to re-distilled water and stained with a 0.5 M aqueous

solution of uranyl acetate and lead citrate [Reynolds 1963]. Images were observed and

recorded using the FEI Technai G2 Spirit Bio TWIN transmission electron microscopy

at an accelerating voltage of 120 kV. Images were captured using a Megaview G2

Olympus Soft Imaging Solutions camera.

Statistical analyses. Means (±SD) were calculated for all the parameters measured.

Data were analysed by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey’s multiple

range test for comparison of means, using software Statistica 7. The difference was

considered statistically significant at the level of P < 0.05.

RESULTS

SEM. The ‘Jonagold’ and ‘Szampion’ fruit buds were covered by dense, easily bro-

ken off, unicellular, ca. 1-mm-long non-glandular trichomes (figs 1A, C). The epidermis

among the trichomes exhibited few trichome scars, i.e. traces left by broken off non-

glandular trichomes (figs 1D–E), and stomata in various developmental stages showing

different degrees of stomatal opening (figs 1F, G). In both cultivars, the sizes of stomata

and trichome scars were comparable, but their number per unit surface area was by ca.

30% greater in ‘Jonagold’ (tab. 1). The cuticle of both cultivars exhibited microcracks

of varied depths: superficial, which were more abundant, and deeper microcracks,

which occurred sporadically and resembled a fastened zipper (fig. 1H). Moreover, the

cuticle surface displayed vertically and horizontally oriented crystalline wax platelets

(figs 2A–D). In ‘Jonagold’, the wax platelets were more ordered and more numerous

than in the ‘Szampion’ cultivar. Additionally, a majority of the platelets were vertically

or obliquely arranged (fig. 2A, B).

LM. The surface layer of the 21-day-old ‘Jonagold’ and ‘Szampion’ fruit buds was

composed of a single-layered epidermis covered by a cuticle layer and several hypo-

dermis layers (figs 3A–F).

Differences in the structure of fruit buds in two apple cultivars...

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Hortorum Cultus 13(5) 2014

Fig. 1. Epidermis surface of the fruit buds in the ‘Jonagold’ (A, C, D, F, G) and ‘Szampion’

cultivars (B, E, H); A, C – fragments of the epidermis surface with numerous subulate

non-glandular trichomes; B – a fruit bud of ‘Szampion’ in stereoscopic microscopy.

C – visible trichomes, stomata (arrows) and trichome scars (arrowheads); D, E – trichome

scars (arrows) visible on the fruit bud surface; D – note a breaking off non-glandular

trichome; F, G –stomata in different stages of development; H – microcrack (arrows) and

trichome scar (arrowhead)

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Acta Sci. Pol.

Fig. 2. SEM. Fragments of the epidermis surface of the fruit buds ‘Jonagold’ (A, B) and ‘Szam-

pion’ cultivars (C, D) with vertical and horizontal crystalline wax platelets. Note ar-

rangement and a greater number of vertical and inclined wax plates in ‘Jonagold’

Epidermis covering the fruit buds in both cultivars had a nature of a meristematic

tissue. Cells produced through anti- and periclinal divisions were visible among anticli-

nal elongated cells, particularly in the ‘Szampion’ cultivar (figs 3C, D). The height of

epidermal cells was by 8% greater in ‘Jonagold’ (tab. 1). The epidermis was covered by

a different-thickness cuticle layer which was stained orange-red by Sudan 3 (not shown)

and exhibiting light blue fluorescence under UV light (fig. 3E). The mean cuticle thick-

ness was by 11% greater in the ‘Szampion’ cultivar (tab. 1). The epidermis of both

cultivars had stomata with large air chambers underneath (fig. 3F). In the ‘Jonagold’

cultivar, the hypodermis layer was by 11% thicker than in ‘Szampion’ (tab. 1) and con-

sisted of 5–6 layers of the rectangular outline collenchyma cells with distinctly thick-

Differences in the structure of fruit buds in two apple cultivars...

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Hortorum Cultus 13(5) 2014

Fig. 3. LM. Fragments of the cross-sections through the ‘Jonagold’ (A, B, E, F) and ‘Szam-

pion’(C–D) surface layer of the fruit bud. A, B – in hypodermis and parenchymatic cells

visible large deposits of phenolic substances (arrowheads) and thickened tangential cell

walls in the hypodermis cells (arrows with two heads). Note epidermis cells after mitotic

divisions (asterisks); B – visible chloroplasts (arrows) in the hypodermis; C, D – visible

chloroplasts (arrows) (D) and cells after mitotic divisions in the epidermis, hypodermis

and parenchyma layer (asterisks); E – visible blue-fluorescent cuticle and red – fluores-

cent chloroplasts (fluorescence microscopy); F – visible stoma (S) with the air space (as-

terisk). Note chloroplasts (arrows) and deposits of phenolic substances (arrowheads) in

the hypodermis cells; C – cuticle, E – epidermis, H – hypodermis, P – parenchyma

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Fig. 4. TEM. Ultrastructure of ‘Jonagold’ (A, D, E) and ‘Szampion’ (B, C) fruit peel at the fruit

bud stage; A, B – visible cuticle composed of lamellar cuticle proper (CP) and a reticulate

cuticular layer (CL); A, C – plastids (P) with starch grains visible in the epidermis and

hypodermis cells; D – chloroplasts (Ch) with starch grains and electron-dense deposits of

phenolic substances (arrowheads) visible in the hypodermis cells; E – deposit of phenolic

substances visible in the vacuole; N – nucleus, M – mitochondrion, V – vacuoles,

CW – cell wall

Differences in the structure of fruit buds in two apple cultivars...

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Hortorum Cultus 13(5) 2014

ened tangential walls (tab. 1, figs 3A, B). In turn, the hypodermis cells in the ‘Szam-

pion’ fruit buds exhibited local and only slight cell wall thickenings or they were still at

the differentiation stage and had an oval outline characteristic of parenchymatic cells

(tab. 1, figs 3C, D). The diameters of parenchymal cells located below the hypodermis

were comparable in both cultivars (tab. 1, figs 3A, C). Likewise in the epidermis, cells

after mitotic divisions were also observed in hypodermal and parenchymal layers, par-

ticularly in the ‘Szampion’ cultivar (figs 3C, D). Numerous chloroplasts that produced

red fluorescence under the fluorescence microscopy (fig. 3E) and contained starch (re-

action with IKI) were visible in the cytoplasm of these tissues in both cultivars (figs 3B,

D, F). Additionally, the hypodermis and parenchymal cells in the ‘Jonagold’ fruit buds

contained oval deposits of phenolic compounds (figs 3A, B, F) characterised by dark

brown staining in FeCl

Table 1. Characteristics of fruit buds of ‘Jonagold’ and ‘Szampion’ cultivars

Parameters (n = 10)

‘Jonagold’

‘Szampion’

Number of stomata and trichome scars (per mm

)

23 ±5.0 a

18 ±4.0 b

Length of stomata pores (μm)

27.8 ±3.3 a

30.1 ±2.9 a

Length of trichome scars (μm)

23.32 ±4.6 a

22.56 ±4.2 a

Thickness of cuticle (μm)

8.64 ±0.7 a

9.77 ±0.9 a

Height of the epidermis cells (μm)

22.93 ±1.7 a

21.1 ±1.2 a

Number of the hypodermis layers

6 ±1.0 a

4 ±1.0 a

Thickness of the hypodermis layer (μm)

85.51 ±9.7 a

76.18 ±5.8 b

Thickness of the hypodermis cell walls

3.65 ±1.0 a

0.09 ±0.4 b

Thickness of the three parenchyma layers (μm)

65.71 ±11.1 a

67.98 ±6.0 a

Total thickness of peel (μm)

114.0 ±23.6 a

106.3 ±18.4 a

Values are mean ±SD (standard deviation). The same letters within a row mean no statistically

differences (P < 0.05)

TEM. Only slight differences in the ultrastructure of epidermal, hypodermal, and

parenchymal cells were found between the analysed cultivars. The cuticle on the surface

of the fruit buds was composed of two layers: a substantially larger internal reticulate

layer, the so-called cuticular layer and an external lamellate layer, the so-called cuticle

proper, accounting for ca. 8–10% of the total cuticle thickness (figs 4A, B). The epi-

dermal cells exhibited a thin layer of parietal cytoplasm with visible mitochondria, and

plastids containing starch grains (figs 4A, C). Similarly, the cytoplasm of hypodermal

and parenchymal cells had plastids containing starch grains, whereas the vacuoles in the

‘Jonagold’ cultivar exhibited numerous, large electron-dense deposits of phenolic com-

pounds (figs 4D, E). They usually adhered to the tonoplast and had different sizes.

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DISCUSSION

Most traits related to fruit quality and firmness are genetically conditioned [Faust

and Shear 1972a]. In the fruits of ‘Jonagold’ and ‘Szampion’, these traits were fully

developed at harvest and consumption maturity [Konarska 2013]. 3-week-old fruit buds

of the ‘Jonagold’ and ‘Szampion’ cultivars exhibited most features associated with the

protective function of the surface covering layer. Differences in the structure of the fruit

buds between the cultivars were visible primarily at the level of anatomy and micro-

morphology and were less evident than in the stage of harvest and consumption matur-

ity.

Babos et al. [1984] and Zamorsky [2007] report that protection of the fruit interior is

ensured by fruit peel composed of an epidermis covered by a cuticle and a multi-layered

hypodermis. In the early stage of ‘Jonagold’ and ‘Szampion’ fruit development, the

protective role of this layer is additionally strengthened by abundant non-glandular

trichomes densely distributed in the fruit bud epidermis. Similar non-glandular

trichomes with a similar function were found to cover fruits of other plant species in

different developmental stages [Bain 1961, Miller 1984, Bednorz and Wojciechowicz

2009, Celano et al. 2009]. In 21 day-old ‘Jonagold’ and ‘Szampion’ fruit buds only few

trichome scars remaining after broken off trichomes were visible. Maguire et al. [1999]

and Veraverbake et al. [2003b] report that trichome scars, stomata and lenticels, present

in the fruit epidermis at all developmental stages facilitate gas exchange and promote

fruit transpiration, thereby contributing to wilting, softening and quality deterioration

during storage and shelf life. However, the total number of trichome scars and stomata

in the ‘Szampion’ fruit buds was lower than that in ‘Jonagold’. As reported by Konarska

[2013], this relationship persisted in the consumption maturity stage, although ‘Szam-

pion’ fruits exhibit worse and shorter storability. According to Veraverbake et al.

[2003a], at the consumption maturity stage, approximately 60% of ‘Jonagold’ lenticels

are “closed” (non-transpiring), while only “opened” lenticels promote transpiration.

A vast majority of the ‘Szampion’ lenticels may have been “opened”; yet, no such in-

vestigations have been conducted. The author of the present study considers that the

intensity of fruit transpiration is dependent on a set of several water-loss promoting

traits rather than on a single feature.

The surface of the fruit buds in both cultivars examined showed few microcracks

present mostly on the surface cuticle layers. The presence of the microcracks indicated

the onset of the cell expansion process, although cells after mitotic divisions were still

found by the author in all the layers of the fruit bud tissues, i.e. the epidermis, hypoder-

mis, and parenchyma. Microcracks appearing in the cuticle may indicate more rapid

expansion of the volume and turgor of epidermal and internal fruit cells, while the

amount of cuticle per fruit is constant [Faust and Shear 1972a, Roy et al. 1994, Knoche

et al. 2004]. Similar results were obtained by Harker and Ferguson [1988], who found

that the fruit bud stage in apples is a period of dynamic cell divisions, particularly in the

epidermis, and the beginning of intensive cell growth. According to many authors, mi-

crocracks enhance water loss and reduce fruit firmness and weight [H hn 1990, Lau and

Lane 1998, Maguire et al. 1999, De Bellie 2000, Link et al. 2004].

Differences in the structure of fruit buds in two apple cultivars...

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Hortorum Cultus 13(5) 2014

The surface of the fruit buds in the cultivars examined was covered by a layer of

crystalline epicuticular waxes arranged in vertical and horizontal platelets, which were

more abundant and ordered in the ‘Jonagold’ cultivar. Unlike the trichome scars, sto-

mata as well as microcracks, cuticular waxes are an efficient protective barrier against

excessive transpiration [Faust and Shear 1972b, Babos et al. 1984, Roy et al. 1994,

Belding et al. 1998, Veraverbeke et al. 2001a, b]. The number of wax platelets increases

together with fruit maturation, reaching a maximum value during the storage period,

particularly in varieties with a greasy and smooth peel, which was observed by Konar-

ska [2013] in ‘Jonagold’ fruits stored in a controlled-atmosphere storehouse for

6 months. Koch et al. [2004] and Curry [2009] suggest that production of the highest

possible numbers of vertically oriented platelets is especially important for reduction of

transpiration, since this form of wax promotes healing and “repair” of microcracks.

According to Curry [2001, 2005] and Müller [2005], apple trees employ a ‘Tear and

Repair’ mechanism involving continuous synthesis of epicuticular waxes and closure of

microcracks appearing along with fruit growth.

The surface of the fruit buds of the cultivars examined had a characteristic reticulate-

lamellate cuticle, whose layer was thicker in the ‘Szampion’ cultivar. As shown by

Konarska [2013], ‘Szampion’ fruits were characterised by greater weight loss and more

intensive transpiration during the storage period. A thicker cuticle does not restrict the

decline in fruit firmness and their better quality after storage. Similar results concerning

the role of the cuticle in fruits of other apple varieties were obtained by Riederer and

Schreiber [1995] and Knoche et al. [2000].

Numerous deposits of phenolic compounds were found in the hypodermis and par-

enchymal cells in the ‘Jonagold’ fruit buds; these, however, were not observed in

‘Szampion’. Similarly, the deposits were visible, although in smaller numbers, only in

the harvest and consumption maturity stage in ‘Jonagold’ [Konarska 2013]. The results

obtained by the author correspond to the findings of Mehrabani and Hassanpouraghdam

[2012], who reported that the content of phenolic compounds was higher in younger

fruits than in the harvest maturity stage. Additionally, a varied content of polyphenols in

different apple and pear cultivars has been described by other researchers [Solovchenko

and Schmitz-Elberger 2003, Drogoudi et al. 2008, ata et al. 2009]. Absence of poly-

phenols in the ‘Szampion’ cultivar may be one of the causes of the poorer quality and

storability of its fruits, as evidenced by literature data indicating that presence of poly-

phenols improves and extends fruit storage by increasing resistance to pathogens [Garry

et al. 1995, Lattanzio et al. 2001, Cheynier 2005].

CONCLUSIONS

1. The fruit buds in the ‘Jonagold’ and ‘Szampion’ cultivars differed significantly in

the number of trichome scars and stomata, thickness of hypodermis layer and hypoder-

mis cell walls, as well as the quantities of deposits of phenolic compounds.

2. The following factors exert an impact on the fruit quality and storability in the

fruit bud stage: trichome scars and stomata, microcracks, crystalline wax platelets and

phenols compounds.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

This work was supported by the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of Po-

land as part of the statutory activities of the Department of Botany, University of Life

Sciences in Lublin.

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RÓ NICE  W STRUKTURZE ZAWI ZKÓW OWOCÓW  DWÓCH

UPRAWNYCH ODMIAN  JAB ONI  ZE SZCZEGÓLNYM

UWZGL DNIENIEM  CECH DECYDUJ CYCH  O ICH TRWA O CI

I JAKO CI

Streszczenie. ‘Jonagold’ i ‘Szampion’ nale  do zimowych odmian jab oni, których owo-

ce s przystosowane do d ugotrwa ego przechowywania. Jednak owoce ró ni si wyra -

nie rodzajem powierzchni oraz tempem i ilo ci transpirowanej wody, co przek ada si na

Differences in the structure of fruit buds in two apple cultivars...

105

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Hortorum Cultus 13(5) 2014

jako owoców po wyj ciu z przechowalni oraz na d ugo ycia jab ek na pó ce sklepo-

wej. Wi kszo cech odpowiedzialnych za jako i trwa o owoców to cechy uwarun-

kowane genetycznie, rozwijaj ce si w ró nym czasie. Mikromorfologi , anatomi oraz

ultrastruktur 21-dniowych zawi zków owoców odmian ‘Jonagold’ i ‘Szampion’ badano

za pomoc mikroskopii wietlnej oraz elektronowej: skaningowej i transmisyjnej. Szcze-

góln uwag zwrócono na cechy maj ce wp yw na j drno oraz trwa o owoców.

Stwierdzono, e zawi zki badanych odmian ró ni y si istotnie liczb szparek i blizn w o-

skowych obecnych na jednostce powierzchni owocu, grubo ci pok adu hipodermy oraz

jej cian komórkowych, a tak e zawarto ci depozytów zwi zków fenolowych. Na etapie

zawi zka u obydwu odmian zaobserwowano nast puj ce cechy maj ce zwi zek ze wzro-

stem lub obni eniem j drno ci i trwa o ci owoców: wosk krystaliczny w postaci p ytek,

mikrosp kania w kutykuli, szparki i blizny w oskowe oraz obecno zwi zków fenolo-

wych.

S owa kluczowe: zawi zki jab ek, skórka owoców, mikromorfologia, anatomia i ultra-

struktura, kutykula, wosk epikutykularny, mikrosp kania, zwi zki fenolowe

Accepted for print: 6.06.2014

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