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Using the enter method, no significant model emerged for the predictor 

variables (F 5, 59 = 1.503, p > 0.05). The Adjusted R square = 0.038. 

Significance variables are shown below: 

 

Predictor Variable:                         Beta                                     P 

Agreeableness                                   -0.32                                     p = 0.38 

(Neuroticism, Extraversion, Openness and Conscientiousness were not 

found to significantly predict religious belief). 

 

The significant correlation between the personality factor Agreeableness and 



religiosity provides partial support for previous studies that stated low 

Psychoticism (Agreeableness and Conscientiousness in the FFM) to be 

associated with religiosity (see the meta-analysis by Saroglou, 2002). This 

result suggests that the Agreeableness factor may be the most important 

factor in predicting religiosity. 

 

Figure 6.  Chart showing the relationship between (global) religiosity scores 

and personality factors 

Paranormal Belief

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0

R



elig

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ty

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Pairs


Religiosity

Conscientiousness

Religiosity

Agreeableness

Religiosity

Openness


Religiosity

Extraversion

Religiosity

Neuroticism

 

 

Figure 7.  Graph showing relationship between (global) religiosity scores 



and the personality factor Agreeableness. 

 



 

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Agreeableness

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60

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40

30

R



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3.6 OPENNESS TO EXPERIENCE AND THE RELIGIOSITY 

SUBSCALES  

 

Using the enter method, no significant model emerged for the predictor 



variables (F 4, 60 = 2.810, p > 0.05). The Adjusted R square = 0.102. 

Significance variables are shown below: 

 

Predictor Variable:                          Beta                                       P 

Orthodoxy 

   -2.55 

   p = 0.05 

Relativism 

   1.58 


   p = 0.05 

(Second Naiveté and External Critique were not found to significantly 

predict Openness to Experience). 

 

That Openness to Experience is significantly related to both Orthodoxy and 



Relativism provides further supporting evidence for theories stating that it 

ought to be crucial in understanding the relation between personality and 

religiosity (McCrae, 1996, 1999; McCrae, Zimmerman, Costa and Bond, 

1996; Saroglou, 2002; Duriez, Luyten, Snauwaert and Hutsebaut, 2002).  

However, this result does not support previous findings by Duriez, Soenens 



 

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and Beyers (2003) that Openness to Experience is significantly related to the 

Literal vs. Symbolic dimension. 

 

Figure 8.  Chart showing relationship between the scores of the religiosity 

subscales Orthodoxy and Relativism against scores of the personality factor 

Openness to Experience.   

Religiosity

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O

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Openness

Relativism

Openness

Religious Orthodoxy

 

 

3.7 SUMMARY 



 

In summary then, this study showed that religious beliefs and paranormal 

beliefs are indeed associated, confirming initial exploratory studies that 

suggested some kind of relationship between the two (Goode, 2000; 

Haraldsson, 1981).  The results here did not confirm the hypothesis based on 

previous studies, stating that Neuroticism (Thalbourne, Dunbar and Delin, 

1995) or Extraversion (Thalbourne, 1981; Eysenck 1967; Thalbourne and 

Haraldsson, 1980) are correlated with paranormal beliefs.  Instead, 

Conscientiousness was found to be the only personality factor that 

significantly predicted paranormal beliefs and it was negatively correlated to 




 

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these beliefs.  No significant gender differences were found on either global 

paranormal belief or on any of the seven subscales, in contrast to previous 

studies (Clarke, 1991; Rice, 2003; Tobayck and Milford, 1983; Wolfradt, 

1997).  With regard to religiosity, the personality factor Agreeableness was 

significantly correlated with religiosity, providing partial support for 

previous studies indicating low Psychoticism (Agreeableness and 

Conscientiousness in the FFM) to be associated with religiosity (Francis, 

1992a, 1992b, 1993; Francis and Katz, 1992; Francis and Pearson, 1993; 

Lewis and Joseph, 1994; Lewis and Maltby, 1995, 1996; Maltby, 1999a, 

1999b; Saroglou, 2002). 

 

 

 



 

 

 



 

 

 



 

 

 



 

 

 



 

 

 



 

 

 



 

 

 




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