29
Using the enter method, no significant model emerged for the predictor
variables (F 5, 59 = 1.503, p > 0.05). The Adjusted R square = 0.038.
Significance variables are shown below:
Predictor Variable: Beta P
Agreeableness -0.32 p = 0.38
(Neuroticism, Extraversion, Openness and Conscientiousness were not
found to significantly predict religious belief).
The significant correlation between the personality factor Agreeableness and
religiosity provides partial support for previous studies that stated low
Psychoticism (Agreeableness and Conscientiousness in the FFM) to be
associated with religiosity (see the meta-analysis by Saroglou, 2002). This
result suggests that the Agreeableness factor may be the most important
factor in predicting religiosity.
Figure 6. Chart showing the relationship between (global) religiosity scores
and personality factors
Paranormal Belief
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
R
elig
io
si
ty
220
200
180
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
Pairs
Religiosity
Conscientiousness
Religiosity
Agreeableness
Religiosity
Openness
Religiosity
Extraversion
Religiosity
Neuroticism
Figure 7. Graph showing relationship between (global) religiosity scores
and the personality factor Agreeableness.
30
Agreeableness
70
60
50
40
30
R
el
igi
os
it
y
220
200
180
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
3.6 OPENNESS TO EXPERIENCE AND THE RELIGIOSITY
SUBSCALES
Using the enter method, no significant model emerged for the predictor
variables (F 4, 60 = 2.810, p > 0.05). The Adjusted R square = 0.102.
Significance variables are shown below:
Predictor Variable: Beta P
Orthodoxy
-2.55
p = 0.05
Relativism
1.58
p = 0.05
(Second Naiveté and External Critique were not found to significantly
predict Openness to Experience).
That Openness to Experience is significantly related to both Orthodoxy and
Relativism provides further supporting evidence for theories stating that it
ought to be crucial in understanding the relation between personality and
religiosity (McCrae, 1996, 1999; McCrae, Zimmerman, Costa and Bond,
1996; Saroglou, 2002; Duriez, Luyten, Snauwaert and Hutsebaut, 2002).
However, this result does not support previous findings by Duriez, Soenens
31
and Beyers (2003) that Openness to Experience is significantly related to the
Literal vs. Symbolic dimension.
Figure 8. Chart showing relationship between the scores of the religiosity
subscales Orthodoxy and Relativism against scores of the personality factor
Openness to Experience.
Religiosity
50
40
30
20
10
0
O
pen
ne
ss
70
60
50
40
30
20
Key
Openness
Relativism
Openness
Religious Orthodoxy
3.7 SUMMARY
In summary then, this study showed that religious beliefs and paranormal
beliefs are indeed associated, confirming initial exploratory studies that
suggested some kind of relationship between the two (Goode, 2000;
Haraldsson, 1981). The results here did not confirm the hypothesis based on
previous studies, stating that Neuroticism (Thalbourne, Dunbar and Delin,
1995) or Extraversion (Thalbourne, 1981; Eysenck 1967; Thalbourne and
Haraldsson, 1980) are correlated with paranormal beliefs. Instead,
Conscientiousness was found to be the only personality factor that
significantly predicted paranormal beliefs and it was negatively correlated to
32
these beliefs. No significant gender differences were found on either global
paranormal belief or on any of the seven subscales, in contrast to previous
studies (Clarke, 1991; Rice, 2003; Tobayck and Milford, 1983; Wolfradt,
1997). With regard to religiosity, the personality factor Agreeableness was
significantly correlated with religiosity, providing partial support for
previous studies indicating low Psychoticism (Agreeableness and
Conscientiousness in the FFM) to be associated with religiosity (Francis,
1992a, 1992b, 1993; Francis and Katz, 1992; Francis and Pearson, 1993;
Lewis and Joseph, 1994; Lewis and Maltby, 1995, 1996; Maltby, 1999a,
1999b; Saroglou, 2002).
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