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1.
When the front or the back of the tongue is raised high towards the palate
the vowel is called
close
in English and Russian languages.
They are –
[ i: I u u:].
2.
When the front or the back of the tongue is as low as possible in the
mouth
open
vowels
are pronounced in English and Russian languages.
They are – [
ǽ a: o o:].
3
. When the highest part of the tongue occupies
the position intermediate
between the close and the open one
mid
vowels
are pronounced only in English.
They are – [e
Λ ə: ə].
According to the vertical position of the
tongue in Uzbek and Russian
vowels are divided into narrow, mid and broad:
narrow
mid
broad
Uzbek
[и, у]
[э, o, ў]
[a]
Russian
[и], [ы], [у]
[э], [о]
[а]
Lip Position
When the lips are neutral or spread the vowels are called
unrounded.
They are – [i:], [i], [e], [ǽ], [a:], [Λ], [ә:], [ә]in English
.
In Uzbek they are –
[и], [э], [a], in Russian
[
а], [э], [и], [ы].
When the lips are drawn together so that the opening between them is
more or less
round the vowel is called
rounded
.
They are – [o o: u u:].In Uzbek[у], [ў], [o]. InRussian [о], [у].
According to the
length,
English vowels are classified into short and long:
Long vowels are – [i: a: o: u: ә:]
Short vowels are – [i, e, o, u, Λ, ә].
But in comparison with English, there is no such division of vowels in
Uzbek and Russian. But in Russian vowels are divided into
stressed
and
unstressed
vowels.
Prof. U.K. Yusupov describes some Uzbek geminis vowels such as [ш
уу
р,
матб
аа
, Ш
оо
лим], which are alien to English. He classifies lacuna vowels in the
compared languages as follows:
English lacuna vowels for Uzbek: [ǽ], [u:], [ә:], [a:], [ou], [oi], [ә:],
[au], [iә], [uә], [εә], [ai].
There is only one Uzbek lacuna vowel for English. It is [ў]. And one
Russian lacuna vowel for English. It is [ы].
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The phonemic status of English diphthongs is still a question of discussion.
Diphthongs are complex units of the two elements
which are closely blended
together. They are syllabically indivisible, the length of diphthongs is the same as
that of English long vowels. In Uzbek and Russian, there are no diphthongs, only
combinations of sounds where both elements are equally energetic and distinct.
English diphthongs consist of two elements, the first of which is a nucleus, strong
and distinct; the second is a glide, which is very weak and indistinct.
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