National Outline for Medium and Long Term S&t development Planning (2006-2020)
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The National Medium- and Long-Term Program for Science and Technology Development (2006-2020) An Outline The State Council The People’s Republic of China Table of Contents I. Preface II. Guiding Principles, Development Goals, and Overall Deployment 1． Guiding Principles 2． Development Objectives 3. Overall Deployment III． Main Areas and Priority Topics 1. Energy (1) Industrial energy efficiency (2) Clean, efficient coal development and utilization, coal liquefaction, and gasification-based co-generation (3) Oil and gas prospecting, development, and utilization under complex geological conditions (4) Low-cost, large-scale development and utilization of renewable energy resources (5) Super large-scale electric power transmission and distribution and power grid safeguards 2. Water and Mineral Resources (6) Optimized distribution and comprehensive development and utilization of water resources (7) Comprehensive water conservation (8) Seawater desalination (9) Resources prospecting for additional reserves (10) Efficient development and utilization of mineral resources (11) Efficient development and utilization of maritime resources (12) Comprehensive zoning of resources 3. The Environment (13) Comprehensive pollutant control and waste recycling (14) Functional restoration and reconstruction of ecosystems in ecologically vulnerable areas (15) Maritime ecological and environmental protection (16) Global environmental change watch and response strategies 4. Agriculture (17) Germplasm development, preservation, innovation and targeted cultivation of new varieties (18) Healthy farming practices in domestic animals, poultry, and aquatic products, and associated epidemic disease prevention and control (19) Deep processing and advanced storage and shipping of farm produce (20) Integrated development and utilization of agro-forest biomass (21) Agro-forest ecological safety and modern forestry (22) Development and production of environment-friendly fertilizers, herbicides, and pesticides, and ecoagriculture (23) Multifunctional farm equipment and facilities (24) Precision farming and associated informatization (25) Modern dairy industry 5. Manufacturing industry (26) Basic and generic parts and components (27) Digital and intelligent design and manufacturing (28) Green, automated process industry and corresponding equipment (29) Recycling iron and steel process techniques and equipment (30) Large-scale marine engineering technologies and equipment (31) Basic raw materials (32) Next-generation information functional materials and components (33) Key accessory materials and engineering processes for defense industry 6. Transportation Sector (34) Transport infrastructure construction and maintenance technologies and equipment (35) High-speed rail transport system (36) Energy efficient and new energy-based Automobiles (37) Efficient transport technologies and equipment (38) Intelligent traffic control systems (39) Transport safety and emergency safeguard 7. Information Industry and Modern Service Industry (40) Enabling information technology and major application software for modern service industry (41) Major next-generation internet technologies and services (42) High performance, dependable computers (43) Sensor networks and intelligent information processing (44) Digital media content platforms (45) High definition large flat-panel display (46) Core application oriented information security 8. Population and Health (47) Safe contraception and family planning, and birth defects prevention and treatment (48) Prevention and treatment of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, malignancies, and other major non-infectious diseases (49) Prevention and treatment of common, frequently-occurring diseases in urban and rural communities (50) Traditional Chinese Medicine: impartation and innovation (51) Advanced medical equipment and bio-medicinal materials 9. Urbanization and City Development (52) Urban planning and dynamic monitoring (53) Uplifting urban functions and space efficiency (54) Architecture energy efficiency and green buildings (55) Urban ecological residential environment and quality control (56) Urban information platforms 10. Public Security (57) National public security emergency information platforms (58) Major workplace accidents warning and rescue (59) Food safety and entry-exit quarantine (60) Major public emergency prevention and quick response (61) Biosafety measures (62) Major natural disasters prevention and preparedness 11. National Defense IV. Major Special Projects V. Frontier Technologies 1. Biotechnology (1) Target identification technology (2) Plant-animal varieties and drug molecular design technology (3) Gene manipulation and protein engineering technology (4) Stem cell based human tissue engineering technology (5) Next-generation industrial biotechnology 2. Information Technology (6) Intelligent sensing technology (7) Ad hoc network technology (8) Virtual reality technology 3. Advanced Materials Technology (9) Intelligent materials and structural technology (10) High-temperature superconducting technology (11) Efficient energy material technology 4. Advanced Manufacturing Technology (12) Extreme manufacturing technology (13) Intelligent service robotics (14) Service life prediction technology for major products and facilities 5. Advanced Energy Technology (15) Hydrogen and fuel cell technology (16) Distributive energy supply technology (17) Fast neutron reactor technology (18) Magnetic contained fusion technology 6. Marine Technology (19) 3-D marine environment monitoring technology (20) Ocean floor based multi-parameter fast sounding technology (21) Natural gas hydrate exploitation technology (22) Deep-sea operation technology 7. Lasers Technology 8. Aerospace technology VI. Basic Research 1. Disciplinary development (1) Basic disciplines (2) Cross and emerging disciplines 2. Frontier Scientific Issues (1) Quantitative study and systematic integration of life process (2) Condensed matters and novel effects (3) Matters’ deep inner structures and physical laws at a cosmological scale (4) Core mathematics and its application in cross-disciplines (5) Earth system process and associated resources, environment, and disasters effects (6) Chemical process in creating and transforming new matters (7) Brain and cognitive sciences (8) Innovation in scientific experiments, observational methods, techniques, and equipment 3. Basic Research in Response to Major National Strategic Needs (1) Biological foundations of human health and diseases (2) Crop genetic improvement and scientific issues in sustainable agricultural development (3) Human activities and their impacts on the Earth system (4) Global change and regional response (5) Complex systems, disaster formation, prediction and control (6) Key scientific issues in sustainable energy development (7) New principles and methodologies for materials design and fabrication (8) Scientific basis of manufacturing under extreme environmental conditions (9) Major mechanical issues in aeronautics and space science (10) Scientific basis for the development of information technology 4. Major Scientific Research Programs (1) Protein studies (2) Quantum regulation studies (3) Nanometer studies (4) Growth and reproduction studies VII. Reform of the S&T System and the Construction of a National Innovation System 1. Supporting and Encouraging Enterprises to Become the Main Player in Technological Innovation 2. Deepening the Institutional Reform and Establishing a Modern Research Institute System 3. Advancing the S&T Management System Reform 4. Vigorously Pushing Forward the Construction of a National Innovation System with Chinese Characteristics VIII. Major Policies and Measures 1. Financial and Taxation Policies Encouraging Technological Innovation at the Enterprise Level 2. Strengthening Assimilation and Absorption of imported technologies, and re-innovation 3. Government Procurement Favoring Indigenous Innovation 4. Intellectual Property Rights Strategy and Technology Standards Strategy 5. Financial Policies Encouraging Innovation and Pioneering 6. Accelerating industrialization of high technologies and diffusion of advanced appropriate technologies 7. Perfecting the mechanism for combining defense and civilian sectors, and making defense part of civilian sector 8. Expanding international and regional S&T cooperation and exchanges
IX. S&T Input and S&T Infrastructure Platforms 1. Establishing a diversified, multi-channel S&T input system 2. Readjusting and optimizing input structures, and raising the cost-effectiveness of S&T expenditures 3. Strengthening the construction of S&T infrastructure platforms 4. Establishing a mechanism for sharing S&T infrastructure platforms X. Talented Workforce Buildup 1. Accelerating the nurturing of a contingent of world caliber experts 2. Bringing into full play the important role of education in cultivating innovative talents 3. Supporting enterprises’ efforts in nurturing and attracting S&T talents 4. Intensifying efforts in attracting high caliber talents from overseas 5. Creating a cultural environment conducive to the Nurturing of Innovative Talents The 16th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party commissioned the formulation of an outline for a national medium- and long-term program for science and technology development in the context of the full-fledged construction of a well-to-do society and accelerating the socialist modernization drive, and the State Council has hereby prepared the following outline in compliance with the request. I . Preface Since the founding of the People’s Republic of China, especially since the introduction of the policy of reform and opening to the outside world, the nation’s socialist modernization drive has attained universally acknowledged achievements. However, one has to be keenly aware that the nation is and will remain at a primary stage of socialism for a long time to come. In our effort to build a well-to-do society, we are faced with both rare historic opportunities and grave challenges. The nation’s economic growth shows an excessive dependence on the consumption of energy and resources, with high associated environmental costs; the economic structure is irrational, characterized by a frail agricultural base and lagging high-tech industry and modern service industry; and firms lack core competitiveness and their economic returns are yet to be improved as a result of weak indigenous innovation capability. There are a whole range of problems concerning employment, distribution, health care, and national security that need prompt solution. Internationally, the nation will be for a long period of time under enormous pressures from developed nations who possess economic and S&T superiority. In order to grasp the opportunities and meet the challenges, we must make all-round efforts, including coordinated overall development, deepening the system reform, improving democracy and the rule of law, and reinforcing social management. At the same time, we need to depend even more heavily on S&T progress and innovation in order to achieve substantial gains in productivity and advance the overall economic and social development in a coordinated and sustainable manner. As the premier productive forces, science and technology are a concentrated reflection and a major hallmark of advanced productivity. In the 21st century, the new science and technology revolution is rapidly unfolding and gestating significant new breakthroughs, which will profoundly change the economic and social visages. Advances in information science and technology, still in the ascendant, will continue to be the dominant driving force for economic growth; rapid advances in life science and biotechnology will play a key role in improving quality of life; renewed efforts in energy science and technology will open up new avenues for addressing global energy and environmental issues; and exciting new breakthroughs in nanometer science and nanotechnology will usher in a profound technology revolution. Exciting breakthroughs in basic research fields will create whole new horizons for science and technology development and economic growth. S&T achievements are being applied and transferred at an ever faster pace, thus creating new opportunities for catching up and leapfrogging. Therefore, we shall embrace the new era, meeting both opportunities and challenges brought on by the new S&T revolution with a global vision. In today’s world, many countries have made S&T innovation a national strategy and S&T inputs strategic investments by drastically increasing R&D spending. These nations lead the world in deploying and developing frontier technologies and strategic industries and implement important S&T programs in an attempt to enhance their national innovative capability and international competitiveness. Confronted with the new international situation, we must have a greater sense of responsibility and urgency, by making S&T progress a major driving force for the economic and social development more conscientiously and resolutely. We must place the strengthening of indigenous innovative capability at the core of economic restructuring, growth model change, and national competitiveness enhancement. Building an innovation-oriented country is therefore a major strategic choice for China’s future development. Over more than five decades since the founding of New China, the consistent and painstaking efforts of several generations have led to huge, heartening achievements in the fields of science and technology. Major S&T accomplishments hallmarked by nuclear weaponry and satellite technology, manned space flights, hybrid rice, theory of oil formation from continental moist depression and associated application, and high performance computers, have greatly enhanced the nation’s comprehensive national strength, uplifted its international position, and inspired the whole nation. However, compared with the developed nations, China’s overall S&T level still has a fairly big gap to close, compared with that of developed nations. This is mainly reflected in the following areas: we have a low rate of sufficiency in key technology supply and a limited number of invention patents; the technological level remains low in some regions, particularly in the rural areas of the central and western regions; the quality of scientific research still needs significant improvement due to a shortage of top notch S&T talents; and investments in science and technology are still insufficient; and there are numerous loopholes in the existing S&T system. Despite the size of economy, our country is not yet an economic power primarily because of our weak innovative capacity. In the 21st century, China, being a large developing nation, is to accelerate its S&T development and narrow down the gaps with the developed nations. To this end, the nation must make unremitting efforts for a long period of time, while it is also blessed with numerous favorable conditions. First, China’s sustained fast economic growth and social development creates a huge demand and thus lay a solid foundation for the S&T development. Second, the nation has a fairly consummate system of academic disciplines, with a huge pool of talented people. It has developed world-class R&D capability in a number of major fields, thus positioning itself for tremendous S&T developments in the future. Third, our country’s continued opening to the outside world has enhanced its S&T cooperation and exchanges with the rest of the world, allowing the country to share the fruits from the new S&T revolution. Fourth, by adhering to the socialist system, China is able to combine the political advantage of mobilizing efforts to do great things and the basic role of market mechanism in effectively allocating resources. This provides an important system guarantee for the prosperous development of S&T activities. Fifth, ours is a country with a 5000-year history of civilization and a culture that is both broad and profound, capable of incorporating things of diverse nature, which favors the creation of a uniquely innovative culture. As long as we strengthen our national confidence, hold scientific concept of development, implement the strategies of rejuvenating the nation through science and education, work hard to catch up over the next 15 years or more, we will be able to produce brilliant S&T achievements that live up to the expectations of our times. II. Guiding Principles, Development Goals, and General Deployment
The first 20 years of the century are a period of important strategic opportunities for our country’s economic and social development and S&T progress. Under the guidance of Deng Xiaoping Theory and the “Three Representations” and by implementing the scientific concept of development and the strategy of rejuvenating the nation through science and education and talented people and proceeding from our own national conditions and taking people-based approach, deepening reforms and expanding the opening to the outside world, we must strive for the prosperous development of China’s scientific and technological enterprise so as to realize the goals of the full-fledged construction of a well-to-do society and provide powerful S&T support for building a harmonious socialist society. The guiding principles for our S&T undertakings over the next 15 years are: “indigenous innovation, leapfrogging in priority fields, enabling development, and leading the future”. Indigenous innovation refers to enhancing original innovation, integrated innovation, and re-innovation based on assimilation and absorption of imported technology, in order improve our national innovation capability. Leapfrogging in priority fields is to select and concentrate efforts in those key areas of relative strength and advantage linked to the national economy and people’s livelihood as well as national security, to strive for breakthroughs and realize leaping developments. Enabling development is an attempt to strive for breakthroughs in key, enabling technologies that are urgently needed for the sustainable and coordinated economic and social development. Leading the future reflects a vision in deploying for frontier technologies and basic research, which will, in turn, create new market demands and new industries expected to lead the future economic growth and social development. The guideline is a summary of China’s practice and experience in S&T development for more than a half century, and an important choice for realizing the great renaissance of the Chinese nation. This calls for placing the strengthening of indigenous innovation capability at the core of S&T undertakings. The Party and government have long advocated and paid close attention to indigenous innovation. To press ahead with the modernization drive under conditions of opening to the outside world, we must earnestly study and draw on all the fine achievements of human civilization. During the past two decades or so since we began to pursue the policy of reforms and opening to the outside world, our country has imported a huge amount of technologies and equipment, which played an important role in raising the overall technological level of our industries and promoting the country’s economic development. However, one should be clearly aware that importation of technology without emphasizing assimilation, absorption, and re-innovation is bound to weaken the nation’s indigenous R&D capability, which in turn widens the gap with world advanced levels. Facts have proved that, in areas critical to the national economy and security, core technologies cannot be purchased. If our country wants to take the initiative in the fierce international competition, it has to enhance its indigenous innovation capability, master core technologies in some critical areas, own proprietary intellectual property rights, and build a number of internationally competitive enterprises. In a word, the improvement of indigenous innovation capability must be made a national strategy that is implemented in all sectors, industries, and regions so as to drastically enhance the nation’s competitiveness. S&T talents are critical to increasing indigenous innovation capability. The first and foremost task is to create a favorite environment for cultivating and attracting S&T personnel, with high-quality talents in particular, giving full scope to the enthusiasm and creativity of the broad masses of S&T personnel, so that a constant stream of talents is ensured and the best of S&T talents is brought out. We should make unremitting efforts to build a large, well-structured, high-quality S&T workforce compatible with economic and social development and national defense work in order to ensure the talents and knowledge base for the nation’s science and technology development.
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