Needs Assessment in response to the “El Niño” effects (flood / drought) in the affected districts of the United Republic of Tanzania
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2 Two assessment teams were formed, each led by one FAO staff and joint by four representatives from the MALF, one senior officer from the President’s Office Regional Administration and Local Government (PO-RALG) who is responsible for coordination of the Economic and Productive sectors - agriculture sector inclusive, together with one representative from the Disaster Management Department (DMD). All team members were briefed and detailed instructions were provided on the use of the different data collection tools and assessment methodology, before starting the fieldwork. MALF, and DMD, in close collaboration with
FAO Tanzania, defined the
locations to
be assessed (districts / municipalities), within the affected regions. The two teams travelled to the six most affected regions 2 in order to meet with representatives of the PO-RALG at region and district / municipality level, as well as other concerned actors. Initially, they conducted key informant interviews with these stakeholders mentioned above, before visiting the affected districts / municipalities where they undertook FGDs with the local communities, together with field observations. At least two FGDs in the selected regions were conducted with separate groups of men and women in order to compare the answers received and ensure gender desegregation as part of the assessment. Picture 1: Women and men focus group discussions
Limitation of the assessment Due to limited resources and time availability, this assessment did not cover all districts / municipalities affected in the assessed regions. For the same reason, four additional regions, Kagera, Kigoma, Lindi and Mbeya considered also affected by floods during October - December 2015, could not be taken into account as part of this assessment. Nevertheless, in order to overcome this limitation, a set of checklists were sent to the regional offices of the PO-RALG in these regions to get a better understanding of the floods impact. Despite this, the assessment team failed to get information from these offices which could have been added to this report.
2 Arusha, Dodoma, Mara, Morogoro, Mwanza, and Shinyanaga 3 Additionally, the methodology used during this assessment, did not allow to exhaustively estimate the effects of “El-Niño” to food security and nutrition. However, literature review and field observations were used to come up with the most realistic information on this regards. Finally, most of the representatives of the regional and district offices visited did not have first-hand quantitative data and information available on the damages and losses caused by the floods. Hence, the process of data collection and analysis has been slightly delayed due to the need of collecting that key data. The assessment took place at the end of the short agricultural season “vuli” and at the start of the long agricultural season “masika” in the bi-modal areas, where most crops were close to the harvesting period for “vuli” and in the land preparation stage for “masika”. Whereas in uni-modal areas, most of the crops were in the planting and maturing phase, of the long agriculture season “msimu”, since part of the green harvest starts in March, while the main one is in May - August. This situation allowed mainly estimation of the damages and losses on the “vuli” season, while for the “masika and msimu” season, although some impacts were caused on crops planted or in maturity phase, it was harder to measure the effect of the flood, especially in relation to the likely reduction of yield. Therefore a follow up assessment would be useful after the harvest of these two longer seasons in uni-modal and bi-modal areas, taking place between May and September. 3
3 Please refer to the crop calendar (figure 1) section 2.4.1 of this report for better understanding. 4 2. Overall characteristics of the affected region and pre – disaster situation 2.1. Agriculture in Tanzania 2.1.1 Socio-economic and livelihood The agriculture sector is the backbone of the economy in Tanzania. It generates 25 percent of the GDP and contributes 30 percent of export earnings. Of this amount, livestock contributes nearly up to 5% and fishery slightly more than 1%. Agriculture provides livelihoods to over 80 percent of the population and employs 75 percent of the total labour force. Smallholder farmers tend to operate on a range of 0.9 to 3.0 ha, and are considered as the primary users of arable land ranging from 80 – 90 percent of agricultural land use under smallholder production. 4 Most smallholder farmers are women, with 98 percent of economically active rural Tanzanian women engaged in agriculture. In general, 55.2 percent of women and 44.8 percent of men in the country are engaged in agriculture. 5 Adoption of agricultural technologies is low, with cultivation generally done by hand tools (62 percent), animal traction (24 percent) and only 14 percent mechanized. 6
Tanzania’s climate is highly variable and complex. The climate is driven by tropical processes, the Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ), which influences rainy and dry season patterns. El Niño and La Niña years are associated with extreme flood and drought events. While annual seasonal temperature variation in different locations is fairly small (approximately 3-4 °C), variability for rainfall is much higher both geographically and seasonally with extreme dry and wet conditions over the course of the year. Alternatively dry conditions with heavy rainfall combined with inadequate land management in many areas, has exacerbated land degradation and increased vulnerability to weather-related shocks. 7
Map 2: Main Agro-ecological zones of Tanzania 8
4 Source: Tanzania Climate Smart Agriculture Programme (2015). 5 Source: FAOSTAT (2014). 6 Source: Sokoine University of Agriculture (2010), MAFC (2011). 7 Source: Enfors, E.I. & Gordon, L.J. (2007). 8 Source: Soikone University of Agriculture (2014).
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