University of Pittsburgh had developed a vaccine that appeared to be effective. That year witnessed
the worst polio epidemic in U.S. history. The virus infected more than 57,000 people, leading to more
than 3,000 deaths and 20,000 cases of paralysis. Over the next three years, Salk’s mentor, Thomas
Francis, directed the evaluation of a field trial of the Salk vaccine, testing it on more than 1.8 million
children with the help of 220,000 volunteers, 64,000 school workers, and 20,000 health care
professionals. On April 12, 1955, in Ann Arbor, Michigan, Francis made an announcement that sent a
ripple of hope throughout the country: the Salk vaccine was “safe, effective and potent.” Within two
years, the vaccine was disseminated through the herculean efforts of the March of Dimes, and the
incidence of polio fell by nearly 90 percent. By 1961, there were just 161 cases in the United States.
The vaccine had similar effects worldwide.
Jonas Salk became an international hero. But at the historic 1955 press conference, Salk gave a
valedictory speech that jeopardized his relationships and his reputation in the scientific community.
He didn’t acknowledge the important contributions of Enders, Robbins, and Weller, who had won a
Nobel Prize a year earlier for their groundbreaking work that enabled Salk’s team to produce the
vaccine. Even more disconcertingly, Salk gave no credit to the six researchers in his lab who were
major contributors to his efforts to develop the vaccine—Byron Bennett, Percival Bazeley, L. James
Lewis, Julius Youngner, Elsie Ward, and Francis Yurochko.
Salk’s team left the press conference in tears. As historian David Oshinsky writes in
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