Periferik sinirlerde olan basıncın neden olduğu yapısal ve fonksiyonel deformasyonun iyi anlaşılabilmesi için periferik sinir histolojisi George and Smith, 1996; Sağlam ve ark., 1997; Quan and Bird, 1999; Rempel et al

ÖZET

Bu çalışmada, köpekte nervus radialis, nervus ulnaris ve nervus medianus’un nöropati olasılığı bulunan tuzak bölgelerinin araştırılması amaçlanmıştır. Bu amaçla 20 adet köpekten ön bacağın farklı eklem pozisyonlarında elektronörografi ve anatomik diseksiyon gibi iki farklı yöntem ile bulgular elde edilmiş ve karşılaştırmalı olarak değerlendirilmiştir.

Çalışmada materyal olarak köpeğin seçilme nedeni köpek ve insanda periferik sinirlerin seyrinin ve innervasyon alanının birbirine benzerlik göstermesidir. Bu benzerlik insanlarda sık gözlenen tuzak nöropatisi olgularının köpeklerde de görülebileceğini düşündürmektedir.

Elektronörografi, tuzak nöropatisinin teşhisinde lezyonun anatomik yerleşimi ve derecesi hakkında önemli bulgular sunduğu için, anatomik diseksiyon ise sinirlerin seyri ve yerleşiminin belirlenebildiği bir yöntem olduğu için tercih edilmiştir. Böylece, ön bacağın farklı pozisyonlarında incelenen ilgili sinirlerin bazı elektronörografik değerlerinde değişim olup olmadığı ve olası değişikliklerin anatomik nedenleri diseksiyonda elde edilen bulgularla birlikte değerlendirilmiştir. Çalışmada 20 adet köpekte toplam 920 adet sinir iletimi çalışması gerçekleştirilerek elektronörografi bulguları, altı adet köpekten de diseksiyon bulguları elde edilmiştir.

Çalışmada elde edilen bulgularla köpeklerde n. medianus, n. ulnaris ve n. radialis’in seyirleri sırasında tuzak nöropatisi riski taşıyan bölgeler ortaya konulmuştur. Bu bölgeler, her üç sinir için plexus brachialis’in m. scalenus altından axilla’ya geçiş düzeyi, n. medianus’un m. pronator teres altından ve canalis carpi içinden geçiş düzeyleri, n. ulnaris’in canalis carpi içerisinden geçişi ile epicondylus medialis humeri ve olecranon arasından geçiş düzeyleri, n. radialis’in sulcus m. brachialis’deki seyri ve m. supinator altından geçiş düzeyleri olarak tespit edilmiştir. Ayrıca tuzak nöropatisi riskinin arttığı eklem pozisyonlarıda belirlenmiştir.

Sonuç olarak incelenen bölgelerdeki anatomik yapıların yerleşimini etkileyerek, sinir üzerinde basınç etkisi oluşturabilecek tüm patolojik durumlar sonrasında, sinir iletim çalışmalarının yapılması ve sinir iletimi çalışmalarının rutin muayene prosedürü içine alınmasının gerekliliği ortaya konulmuştur. Bununla birlikte sinir iletimi uygulamalarının eklemin hangi pozisyonunda, hangi uyarım ve kayıt noktalarından yapılmasının uygun olacağı da tanımlanarak, eklemlerin nötral pozisyonunda elde edilen latans değerlerinin referans veriler olarak kullanılabileceği kanaatine de varılmıştır. Ayrıca bu çalışmayla elde edilen bulguların Veteriner nöroloji kliniğinde henüz standart muayene yöntemi olarak kullanılmayan elektrofizyolojik çalışmalara katkı sağlayabileceği umulmaktadır.

SUMMARY

In this study, the determination of possible entrapment regions of radial, ulnar and median nerves in the dog was aimed. For this aim, findings were obtained with two different methods as electroneurography (ENG) and anatomic dissection, and the results were evaluated comparatively in different positions of the forelimbs of 20 dogs.

The similarity in the course and innervation area of the peripheric nerves between human and dogs was the reason in preference to dog for this study. This similarity made us thought that entrapment neuropathies often seen in human could also be seen in dog.

ENG technique was choosen because it supplies to us the important findings about anatomic localization and severity of lesion in diagnosis of entrapment neuropathies. Meantime, anatomic disection method was choosen because of determination of course and placement of nerves. Therefore it was evaluated the differences of the electroneurographic values relation to the forelimb position on the studied nerves. When it was found a difference, it was tired to explain the reasons of these differences by using the anatomic findings. In this study, ENG findings were obtained by 920 nerve conduction studies in 20 dogs and disection findings were obtained from 6 dogs of these 20 dogs.

According to the results of this study, the entrapment neuropathy risk areas for median, ulnar and radial nerves were considered in dogs. These areas were determined for three nerves at the level of scalenus muscle that the plexus brachialis pass under this muscle to axilla, for the median nerve at the level of the pass under the pronator teres muscle and through the carpal canal, for the ulnar nerve at the level of the pass through carpal canal and between olecranon and medial humeral condyle, for the radial nerve at the level of the brachial groove and pass under the supinator muscle. Furthermore, joint positions may cause to accelerate the entrapment neuropathy risk was determined.

In conclusion, the electrophysiologic studies should be accepted one of routine diagnostic test, and special attention should be paid in case of the pathologic condution of some areas which were pointed out in this study. In addition suitable stimulating and recording points depending on the joint positions were describe in detail, also it is here proposed that the electrophysiologic values which obtained in neutral position should be accepted a reference value. It is hoped that all these findings can supply valuable knowledge in electrophysiologic studies of veterinary fields which have not been a standart examination protocol.

TEŞEKKÜR

Bu tezin tüm aşamalarında, sonsuz desteğini ve engin hoş görüsünü esirgemeyen Tez Danışmanın Sayın Prof. Dr. Hasan ERDEN’e ve Anabilim Dalı Başkanımız Sayın Prof. Dr. M. Kamil ÖCAL’a teşekkürlerimi sunarım. Hocalarımdan sadece akademik çalışmalar konusunda değil, bir akademisyende bulunması gereken bilgi, görgü, anlayış ve vizyon konusunda da çok şey öğrendim. Bana kazandırdıkları hayata dair bilgiler için de minnettarım. Gerek tez çalışmam sırasında gerekse akademik yaşamımda karşılaştığım tüm sorunlarımda engin desteğini aldığım, başvuru kitabım gibi sürekli yanımda bulunan Nöroloji uzmanı Doç. Dr. Okan BÖLÜKBAŞI’na teşekkür ederim. Birlikte çalışmaktan mutluluk duyduğum tüm çalışma arkadaşlarıma, çalışmanın deneysel aşaması sırasında yardımlarını gördüğüm öğrenci arkadaşlarım O. Çağlar ORTANCA, Uğur PARIN, Alper AKIN, Kaya GİRAY ve Ece ATABEYOĞLU’na da teşekkürlerimi sunarım.

KAYNAKLAR

AKGÜL. A. 2003. Tıbbi Araştırmalarda İstatistiksel Analiz Teknikleri “SSPS uygulamaları” Emek Ofset Ankara, 214-217, 243-250

AKIN. F. ve Ö. BEŞALTI. 2000.Veteriner Nöroşiruji. Barışcan Matbası. Ankara. 22-26.

AMARENCO. G. and J. KERDRAON. 2000. Clinical value of ipsi- and contralateral sacral reflex latency measurements a normative data study in man. Neurol Urody. 19: 565-576

AMERICAN ASSOCIATION of ELECTRODIAGNOSTIC MEDICINE. 1999. Literature review of the usefulness of nerve conduction studies and needle electromyography for the evaluation of patients with carpal tunnel syndrome. Muscle Nerve. 22: 145-167

ANTO. C. and P. ARADHYA. 1996. Clinical diagnosis of peripheral nerve compression in the upper extremity. Orthop Clin North Am. 27: 227-244

ATASOY. E. 1996. Thoracic outlet syndrome. Orthop Clin North Am. 27: 265-303

BAGLEY. R.S., S.J. WHEELER. and R.L. JAMES. 1992. Age-related effects on motor nerve conduction velocity in chickens. Am J Vet Res. 53:1309-1311

BAILEY. C.S. 1984. Pattern of cutaneous anesthesia associated with brachial plexus avulsions in dog. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 185: 889-899

BECK-FOEHN. M. 1992. Occupationally-induced carpal tunnel syndrome. Nervenarzt. 63: 467-472

BLEASEL. A.F. and R.R. TUCK. 1991. Variability of repeated nerve conduction studies. Electroenceph Clin Neurophysiol. 81: 417-420

BLEECKER. M.L., M. BOHLMAN., R. MORELAND. and A. TIPTON. 1985. Carpal tunnel syndrome: role of carpal canal size. Neurol. 35: 1599-1604

BOLTON. C.F., K. CARTER. 1980. Human sensory nerve compound action potential amplitude: Variation with sex and finger circumference. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 43: 925-928

BOLTON. C.F., G.M. SAWA. and K. CARTER. 1981. The effect of temperature on human compound action potentials. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 44: 407-713

BOLTON. C.F., K. CARTER. and J.J. KOVAL. 1982. Temperature effects on conduction studies of normal and abormal nerve. Muscle Nerve. 5:145-147

BOTTE. M.J. and R.H. GELBERMAN. 1989. Ulnar Nerve Compression at the Wrist (in: Nerve Compression Syndromes Diagnosis and Treatment. Ed. R.M. SZABO) Slack. Thorofore. 120-136

BRAUND. K.G., J.A. MCGUIRE., K.A. AMLING. and R.A. HENDERSON. 1987. Peripheral neuropathy associated with malignant neoplasms in dogs. Vet Pathol. 24: 16-21

BRAUND. K.G., M. TOIVIO-KINNUCAN., J.M. VALLAT., J.R. MEHTA., and D.C. LEVESQUE. 1994. Distal sensorimotor polyneuropathy in mature Rottweiler dogs. Vet Pathol. 31: 316-326

BUCHBERGER. W. 1997. Radiologic imaging of the carpal tunnel. Eur J Radiol. 25: 112-117

CARLSON. N. and E.L. LOGIGIAN. 1999. Radial neuropathy. Neurol Clin. 17: 499-523

CHRONI. E., C. PASCHALIS., C. ARVANITI., K. ZOTOU., A. NIKOLAKOPOULOU and T. PAPAPETROPOULUS. 2001. Carpal tunnel syndrome and hand configuration. Muscle Nerve. 24: 1607-1611

ÇAVUŞOĞLU. H., B. YEĞEN., Z. AYDIN ve İ. ALİCAN. 1997. Renkli Fizyoloji Atlası (Despopoulus A., Silbernagl S. den çeviri) Nobel&Yüce. İstanbul. 22-30.

ÇALIŞLAR. T. 1995. Evcil Hayvanların Sistematik Anatomisi. İstanbul Üniversitesi Basımevi ve Film Merkezi. İstanbul. Yayın No:3877. 149-167

DAHLIN. L.B. and C. THAMBERT. 1993. Acute nerve compression at low pressures has a conditioning lesion effect on rat sciatic nerves. Acta Orthop Scand. 64: 479-481

DAHLIN. L.B. and G. LUNDBORG. 1990. The neurone and its response to peripheral nerve compression. J Hand Surg [Br]. 15B: 5-10

DAHLIN. L.B. and G. LUNDBORG. 2001. Vibration-induced hand problems: role of the peripheral nerves in the pathophysiology. Scand J Plast Reconstr Hand Surg. 35: 225-232

DAUBE. J.R. 1992. Nerve Conduction Studies. In Electrodiagnosis In Clinical Neurology. Ed. Aminoff MJ . Churchill. New York. 1-15

de LAHUNTA, A. 1983. Veterinary Neuroanatomy and Clinical Neurology. 2nd edn. Philadelphia. W.B. Saunders Company. 53-94, 356-365

DECAMP. C.E. 2003. External Coaptation. (in: Textbook of Small Animal Surgery. Ed. D. SLATTER). WB Saunders Comp. Philadelphia. 1835-1848

DEKEL. S., T. PAPAIOANNOU., G. RUSCHWORTH and R. COATES. 1980. Idiopathic carpal tunnel syndrome caused by carpal stenosis. Br Med J. 280: 1297-1299

DELBEKE. J., J. KOPEC. and A.J. McCOMAS. 1978. Effect of age, temperature, and disease on the refractoriness of human nerve and muscle. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 41: 65-71

DELFINER. J.S. 1996. Dynamic and pathophysiology nerve compression in the upper extremity. Orthop Clin North Am. 27: 219-226

DEWEY. C.W. 2003. Disorders of the Peripheral Nervous System, Mononeuropathies and Polyneuropathies. (in: A Practical Guide to Canine and Feline Neuropathy. Ed. C.W. DEWEY). Iowa State Pres, Ames. 367-412.

dYCE. k.m., W.O. SACK. and C.J.G. WENSING. 1987. Texbook of Veterinary Anatomy. Saunders Company. Philadelphia. 71-84. 316-319.

ERTEKİN. c. 1977. Klinik Elektronöromiyografi. Ege Üniversitesi Matbası. Bornova- İzmir. 29-151, 234-288

ETTINGER. S.J. 1993. Pocket Companion to Textbook of Veterinary Internal Medicine. Saunders, Philadephia. 275-289.

Evans. H.E. and G.C. Chrıstensen. 1979. miller’s Anatomy of The Dog. W.B. Saunders Company. Philadelphia. 972-1030

FIELDS. W.S., N.A. LEMAK and Y. BEN-MENACHEM. 1986. Thoracic outlet syndrome: review and reference to stroke in a major league pitcher. Am J Roentgenol. 146: 809-814.

FISHER. M.A. 1993. Other Mononeuropathies of Upper Extremities. (in: Clinical Electromiyography. Ed. W.F. BROWN., C.F. BOLTON). Butterworth-Heineman, Boston. 271-304

FRANSSEN. H. and G.H. WIENEKE. 1994. Nerve conduction and temperature: necessary warming time. Muscle Nerve. 17: 336-344.

FUSS. F.K. and G.H. WURZL. 1990. Median nerve entrapment. Pronator teres syndrome. Surgical anatomy and correlation with symptom patterns. Surg Radiol Anat. 12: 267-270

GARCIA. A., J. CALLEJA., F.M. ANTOLIN and J. BERCIANO. 2000. Peripheral motor and sensory nerve conduction studies in normal infants and children. Clin Neurophysiol. 111: 513-520.

GELBERMAN. R.H., R.M. SZABO., R.V. WILLIAMSON and M.P. DIMICK. 1983. Sensibility testing in peripheral-nerve compression syndromes. An experimental study in humans. J Bone Joint Surg [Am]. 65: 632-638

GEORGE. V. and A. SMITH. 1996. Anatomic considerations of the peripheral nerves in compressive neuropathies of the upper extremity. Orthop Clin North Am. 27: 211-218

GREENBERG. M.S. 2001. Handbook of Neurosurgery. New York, Thieme. 534-547

HALAR. E.M., J.A. DeLISA and F.V. BROZOVICH. 1980. Nevre conduction velocity: relationship of skin, subcutaneous and intramuscular temparature. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 61: 199-203

HAMILTON. TA., J.R. COOK., K.G. BRAUND., W.B. MORRISON and J.R. METHA. 1991. Vincristin-induced peripheral neuropathy in a dog. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 198: 635-638

HAUSER. B. and A. FISCHER. 1993. The measurement of the sensory antidromic nerve conduction velocity in the dog. Tierarztl Prax. 21:153-157

HAUSSMANN. P. and M.R. PATEL. 1996. Intraepineural constriction of nerve fascicles in pronator syndrome and anterior interosseus nerve syndrome. Orthop Clin North Am. 27: 339-344

HENNESSEY. W.J., F.J.E. FALCO and R.L. BRADDOM. 1994. Median and ulnar nerve conduction studies: normative data for young adults. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 75: 259-264

HOPF. H.C. and K. MAURER. 1990. Temperature dependence of the electrical and mechanical responses of the abductor pollicis muscle in humans. Mucle Nevre. 13: 259-262

HYLLIENMARK. L, J. LUDVIGSSON. and T. BRISMAR. 1995. Normal values of nerve conduction in children and adolescents. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol. 97: 208-214

JACOBSON. A. and S.C. SCRADER. 1987. Peripheral nerve injury associated with fracture or fracture-dislocation of the pelvis in dogs and cats: 34 cases (1978-1982). J Am Vet Med Assoc. 190: 569-572

JOHNSON. R.K. and M. SPINNER. 1989. Median nerve compression in the forearm: The pronator tunnel syndrome. (in: Nerve Compression Syndromes Diagnosis and Treatment. Ed. R.M. SZABO). Slack. Thorofore. 137-151

KHOO. D., S.W. CARMICHAEL and R.J. SPINNER. 1996. Ulnar nerve anatomy and compression. Orthop Clin North Am. 27: 317-338

KLEINERT. J.M. and S. METHA. 1996. Radial nerve entrapment. Orthop Clin North Am. 27: 305-316

KRARUP. C. 1999. Pitfalls in electrodiagnosis. J Neurol. 246: 1115-1126.

KULICK. R.G. 1996. Carpal tunnel syndrome. Orthop Clin North Am. 27: 345-354

KUMAR. K., S. DESHPANDE., M. JAIN and M.G. NAYAK. 1988. Evaluation of various fibro-osseous tunnel pressures (carpal, cubital and tarsal) in normal human subjects. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol. 32: 139-145

LAFRATTA. C.W. and O.H. SMITH. 1964. A study of relationship of motor nerve conduction velocity in adult to age, sex and handedness. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 45: 407-412

LANG. A.H., J. FORSSTROM., S.E. BJORKQVIST and V. KUUSELA. 1977. Statistical variation of nerve conduction velocity. An analysis in normal subjects and uraemic patients. J Neurol Sci. 33: 229-241.

LEE A.F. and J.M. BOWEN. 1975. Effect of tissue temperature on ulnar nerve conduction velocity in the dog. Am J Vet Res. 36: 1305-1307

LIEBERMAN. J.S. and R.G. TAYLOR. 1989. Electrodiagnosis in Upper Extremity Nerve Compression. (in: Nerve Compression Syndromes Diagnosis and Treatment. Ed. R.M. SZABO). Slack. Thorofore. 65-88

LIVESON. J.A. and D.M. MA. 1992. Laboratory Reference for Clinical Neurophysiology. FA Davis, Philadelphia. 7-15, 43-59, 67-159, 195-204, 234-236, 246-261, 363-365.

LUNDBORG. G. and L.B. DAHLIN. 1989. Pathophysiology of Nerve Compression. (in: Nerve Compression Syndromes Diagnosis and Treatment. Ed. R.M. SZABO). Slack. Thorofore. 15-39

MACKAY-SMITH. M.P., L.S. CUSHING. and J.A. LESLIE. 1972. "Carpal canal" syndrome in horses. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 160: 993-997

MACKINNON. S.E., A.L. DELLON., A.R. HUDSON. and D.A. HUNTER. 1984. Chronic nerve compression an experimental model in the rat. Ann Plast Surg. 13: 112-120

MATSUMURA. J.S., W.S. RILLING., W.H. PEARCE., A.A. NEMCEK., R.L. VOGELZANG and J.S. YAO. 1997. Helical computed tomography of the normal thoracic outlet. J Vasc Surg. 26: 776-783.

MAXIE. L.S. 1997. Diseases of nervous system. (in: Lameness in cattle. Eds. P.R. GREENOUGH., A.D. WEAVER). 3nd Edn. W.B. Saunders Company. Philadelphia. 203-218.

MAZUREK. M.T. and A.Y. SHIN. 2001. Upper extremity peripheral nerve anatomy. Current concepts and applications. Clin Orthop. 383: 7-20

MISSELBROOK. N.G. 1987. Peripheral neuropathy in diabetic bitch. Vet Rec. 121: 287

MUHAMMED. N., P. CHAMPBELL and I.S. SMITH. 1995. Peripheral nerve entrapment syndromes: diagnosis and management. Br J Hosp Med. 53: 141-146

MUNANA. K.R. 1995. Long-term complications of diabetes mellitus, Part I: Retinopathy, nephropathy, neuropathy. Vet Clin North Am. 25: 715-730

NOMINA ANATOMICA VETERINARIA. 1994. International Commitees on Veterinary Gross Anatomical Nomenculature. Ithaca, New York.

NOVAK. C.B., S.E. MACKINNON and G.A. PATTERSON. 1993. Evaluation of patients with thoracic outlet syndrome. J Hand Surg [Am]. 18: 292-299.

NOYAN. A. 1980. Fizyoloji Ders Kitabı. Meteksan Limited Şirketi. Ankara. 113-131.

OH. S.J. 1993. Clinical Electromyography, Nerve Conduction Studies. Williams, Baltimore. 3-55, 277-313, 496-574

OLIVER. J.E., M.D. LORENZ and J.N. KORNEGAY. 1997. Handbook of Veterinary Neurology. 3nd. Edn. W. B. Saunders. Philadelphia. 3-46, 111-127, 333-340

OMER. G.E 1989. The Cubital Tunnel Syndrome. (in: Nerve Compression Syndromes Diagnosis and Treatment. Ed. R.M. SZABO). Slack. Thorofore. 163-175

öcal. M.K., h. erden., m.e. kara. ve i. öğüt. 1998. Evcil Memeli Hayvanlarda Anatomi (Genel-Deri-Ön Bacak). Adnan Menderes Üniversitesi Yayınları. Yayın No:5. Aydın. 45-102

PASCARELLI. E.F. and Y.P. HSU. 2001 Understanding work-related upper extremity disorders: clinical findings in 485 computer users, musicians, and others. J. Occup Rehabil. 11: 1-21

PICKETT. J.B. 1982. Motor nerve conduction velocity-faster in women? Diabetologica. 23: 544

PIEMER. C.A. and D.R. WHEELER. 1989. Radial Tunnel Syndrome/Posterior Interosseus Nerve Compression (in: Nerve Compression Syndromes Diagnosis and Treatment. Ed. R.M. SZABO). Slack. Thorofore. 177-191

PODNAR. S. and D.B. VODUSEK. 2001. Protocol for clinical neurophysiologic examination of the pelvic floor. Neurourol Urodyn. 20: 669-682

POWELL. H.C. and R.R. MYERS. 1986. Pathology of experimental nerve compression. Lab Invest. 55: 91-100

PRESTON. D.C. 1999. Distal median neuropathies. Neurol Clin. 17: 407-423

PRESTON. D.C. and E.S. SHAPIRO. 1998. Electromyography and Neuromuscular Disorders: Clinical-Electrophysiologic Correlations. Butterworth-Heinemann. Baltimore. 75-85, 207-209.

QUAN. D. and S.J. BIRD. 1999. Nerve conduction studies and electromyography in the evaluation of peripheral nerve injuries. J Unv Pen Orthop. 12: 45-51

REMPEL. D. M., R. J. HARRISON. and S. BARNHART. 1992. Work-related cumulative trauma disorders of the upper extremity. J Am Med Assoc. 267: 838-842

REMPEL. M.D., J.M. BACH., G. LEONARD and Y. SO. 1998. Effect of forearm pronation and supination on carpal tunnel pressure. J Hand Surg [Am]. 23: 38-41

REMPEL. D., L. DAHLIN and G. LUNDBORG. 1999. Pathophysiology of nerve compression syndromes: response of peripheral nerves to loading. J Bone Joint Surg [Am]. 81: 1600-1610.

ROBINSON. L.R., D.E. RUBNER., P.W. WAHL., W.Y. FUJIMOTO and W.C. STOLOV. 1993. Influences of height and gender on normal nerve conduction studies. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 74: 1134-1138

ROSENBAUM. R. 1999. Disputed radial tunnel syndrome. Muscle Nerve. 22: 960-967

SAĞLAM. M., R.N. AŞTI ve Ö. ÖZER. 1997. Genel Histoloji. Yorum Matbaacılık Sanayi. Ankara. 275-297

SATHIAMOORTHY. A. and S.S. SATHIAMOORTHY. 1990. Limb dominance and motor conduction velocity of median and ulnar nerves. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol. 34: 51-3

SCELSA. S. N., S. HERSKOVITZ., P. BIERI and A.R. BERGER. 1998. Median mixed and sensory nerve conduction studies in carpal tunnel syndrome. Electroenceph Clin Neurophysiol. 109: 268–273

SCHOEN. D.S. 2002. Upper extremity nerve entrapments. Orthop Nurs. 21: 15-31

SHARP. J.W., C.S. BAILEY., R.D. JOHNSON and R.L. KITCHELL. 1990. Spinal nerve root origin of the median, ulnar and musculocutaneous nerves and their muscle nevre branches to the canine forelimb. Anat Histol. Embryol. 19: 359-368

SINGH. P.I., B.K. MAINI and I. SINGH. 1977. Bilateral asymmetry in conduction velocity in the efferent fibres of the median nerve and its relationship to handedness Indian J Physiol Pharmacol. 21: 364-8.

SKIE. M., J. ZEISS., N.A. EBRAHEIM and W.T. JACKSON. 1990. Carpal tunnel changes and median nerve compression during wrist flexion and extension seen by magnetic resonance imaging. J Hand Surg [Am]. 15: 934-939

SORJONEN. D.C., J.L. MILTON., J.E. STEISS., J.T. HATHCOCK and DUNBAR. M. 1990. Hip dysplasia with bilateral ischiatic nerve entrapment in a dog. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 197: 495-497

SQUIRE. K.R., S.B. ADAMS., W.R. WIDMER., R.W. COATNEY and C. HABIG. 1992. Arthroscopic removal of a palmar radial osteochondroma causing carpal canal syndrome in a horse. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 201: 1216-1218

STALBERG. E. and B. FALCK. 1993. Clinical motor nerve conduction studies. Method Clin Neurop. 4: 361-368

STEINBERG. H.S. 1998. Brachial plexus injuries and dysfunctions. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract. 18: 565-580

STEISS. J.E. and C.K. ARGUE. 1987. Normal values for radial, peronal and tibial motor nerve conduction velocities in adult sheep, with comparison to adult dogs. Vet Res Commun. 11: 243-252

STETSON. D.S., J.W. ALBERS., B.A. SILVERSTEIN and R.A. WOLFE. 1992. Effects of age, sex, and anthropometric factors on nerve conduction measures. Muscle Nerve. 15: 1095-1104.

STOCK. S.R. 1991. Workplace ergonomic factors and the development of musculoskeletal disorders of the neck and upper limbs: a meta-analysis. Am J Ind Med. 19: 87-107

SÜMBÜLOĞLU. K. ve V. SÜMBÜLOĞLU. 1993. Biyoistatistik, 4. baskı, Özdemir Yayıncılık, Ankara, 48-59, 145.

SWALLOW. J.S. and J.R. GRIFFITHS. 1977. Age related changes in motor nerve conduction velocity in dogs. Res Vet Sci. 23: 29-32

SZABO. R.M. 1989. Carpal tunnel syndrome. (in : Nerve Compression Syndromes. Diagnosis and Treatment. Ed. R.M. SZABO). Thorofare, Slack. pp. 102-106

SZABO. R.M. and N.A. SHARKEY. 1993 Response of peripheral nerve to cyclic compression in a laboratory rat model. J Orthop Res. 11: 828-33

SZABO. R.M., R.H. GELBERMAN., R.V. WILLIAMSON., A.L. DELLON., N.C. YARU and M.P. DIMICK. 1984. Vibratory sensory testing in acute peripheral nerve compression. J Hand Surg. [Am] 14: 104-109.

TAN. U. 1993. Sensory nerve conduction velocities are higher on the left than the right hand and motor conduction is faster on the right hand than left in right-handed normal subjects. Int J Neurosci. 73: 85-91.

TANABE. T. and I. OKUTSU. 1997. An anatomical study of palmar ligamentous structures of the carpal canal. J Hand Surg. 22: 754-757

TANER. D. 1998. Fonksiyonel Nöroanatomi. Metu Press. Ankara. 1-13.

Tecirlioğlu. s.1983. Komparatif Veteriner Anatomi. Sinir Sistemi. (Systema Nervosum). Anakara Üniversitesi Basımevi. Ankara. 96-105

Tıpırdamaz. S. ve H. Erden. 1988. Köpeklerin plexus brachialis’i üzerine makro-anatomik araştırmalar. S. Ü. Vet. Fak. Derg. 4: 317-332

TOBIAS. A.T. 1995. Sling, Padded Bandages, Splinted Bandages and Casts. (in: Small Animal Orthopedics. Ed. M.L. OLMSTEAD). Mosby. St. Louis. 75-110

TOBY. E.B. and L.A. KOMAN. 1989. Thoracic Outlet Compression Syndrome. (in: Nerve Compression Syndromes Diagnosis and Treatment. Ed. R.M. SZABO). Slack. Thorofore. 210-224

TOOMINGAS. A., T. NILSSON., M. HAGBERG and R. LUNDSTROM. 1999. Predictive aspect of abduction external rotation test among male industrial and office workers. Am J Ind Med. 35: 32-42

TUCKER. D.W., D. OLSEN., S.L. KRAFT., G.A. ANDREWS and A.P. GRAY. 2000. Primary hemangiosarcoma of the iliopsoas muscle eliciting a peripheral neuropathy. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc. 36: 163-167

TURAN. E. and H. ERDEN. 2003. Computed tomography and morphometry of carpal canal in the dog. Ann Anat. 185: 173-178

TURAN. E. and O. BOLUKBASI. 2004. Evaluation of possible carpal tunnel syndrome in dogs. Vet Rec. 155: 122-124

VAN NES. J.J. 1985. Sensory action potentials in the ulnar and radial nerves of dogs: Effect of stimulation site and voltage. Am J Vet Res. 46: 1155-1161

VAN NES. J.J. 1986. Clinical application of neuromuscular electrophysiology in the dog: a review. Vet Q. 8:240-50.

VAN NES. J.J. and W.E. VAN DEN BROM. 1986. Electroneurogaphic examination of the ulnar and radial nerves in the dog: reference values, biological variation and reproducibility. Res Vet Sci. 40: 189-186

WAGMAN. I.H. and H. LESSE. 1952. Maximum conduction velocities of motor fibers of ulnar nerve in human subjects of various ages and sizes. J Neurophysiol. 15: 235-244

WALKER. T.L. (1981) Ischiadic nerve entrapment. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 178: 1284-1288

WERNER. C.O., I. ROSEN and K.G. THORNGREN. 1985. Clinical and neurophysiologic characteristics of the pronator syndrome. Clin Orthop. 197: 231-236

WYRICK. W. and A. DUNCAN. 1970. Within-day trends of motor latency and nerve conduction velocity in males and females. Am J Phys Med. 49: 307-315.

ZIKEL. O.M., O.H. DAVIS., R.G. AUGER and K.J. CHERRY. 1997. Venous varix causing median neuropathy. Case illustration. J Neurosurg. 87: 130

ÖZGEÇMİŞ

1973 yılında Aydın’ın Nazilli ilçesinde doğdum. İlk orta ve lise öğrenimimi Nazilli’de tamamladım. 1991 yılında Fırat Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi’nde Üniversite eğitimime başladım ve 1997 yılında mezun oldum. 1998 yılında Adnan Menderes Üniversitesi, Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Anatomi Anabilim Dalı’nda Yüksek Lisans Öğrenimime başladım ve 2001 yılında yüksek lisans tezimi tamamladım. Aynı yıl Adnan Menderes Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Anatomi Anabilim Dalı Araştırma Görevliliği sınavını kazandım. Halen Adnan Menderes Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi’nde çalışmaktayım. Bekarım.