Personal Research Database

173 (1-3), 62-70.

Full Text: 2010\J Haz Mat173, 62.pdf

Abstract: Anionic surfactant modified Fe-pillared montmorillonites were prepared by Fe-hydrate solution and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SIDS) solution. These organo-inorgano complex montmorillonites were divided into three types (CM1, CM2 and CM3) depending on different intercalation processes. X-ray diffraction spectra, the Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra were used to analyze the structure of the raw and modified montmorillonites. X-ray photoelectron spectra of the simples have been studied to determine spectral characteristics to allow the identification of Fe(III) hydroxide. The specific surface area of the host montmorillonite (MO) is 73.2 m(2)/g, while for the modified montmorillonites it is 114.0 m(2)/g, 117.2 m(2)/g, and 115.8 m(2)/g, respectively. The mesopore volumes of the montmorillonites decrease after modification. Ions of copper and cobalt were selected as adsorbates to evaluate the adsorption performance of each montmorillonite. The adsorption data was analyzed by both Freundlich and Langmuir isotherm models and the data was well fit by the Langmuir isotherm model. The adsorption was efficient and significantly influenced by metal speciation, metal concentration, contact time, and pH. Higher adsorption capacity of the modified montmorillonites were obtained at pH 5-6. The results of desorption indicated that the metal ions were covalently bound to the modified montmorillonites. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Keywords: Adsorption, Adsorption, Adsorption Capacity, Al-Fe, Catalytic-Properties, Characterization, China, Co(II), Complex, Contact Time, Copper, Cu(II), Degradation, Desorption, Fourier Transform Infrared, Freundlich, FTIR, Health-Risk, Heavy-Metals, Infrared, Isotherm, Isotherm Models, Langmuir, Langmuir Isotherm, Metal Ions, Microporous Materials, Mo, Montmorillonite, Organic-Compounds, pH, Pillared Montmorillonite, Polymers, Removal, Surfactant-Modified Clay, Water, X-Ray, X-Ray Diffraction, X-Ray Photo-Emission Spectroscopy (XPS)

? Ajji, Z. and Ali, A.M. (2010), Separation of copper ions from iron ions using PVA-g-(acrylic acid/N-vinyl imidazole) membranes prepared by radiation-induced grafting. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 173 (1-3), 71-74.

Full Text: 2010\J Haz Mat173, 71.pdf

Abstract: Acrylic acid (AAc), N-vinyl imidazole (Azol) and their binary mixtures were graft copolymerized onto poly(vinyl alcohol) membranes using gamma irradiation. The ability of the grafted membranes to separate Cu ions from Fe ions was investigated with respect to the grafting yield and the pH of the feed solution. The data showed that the diffusion of copper ions from the feed compartment to the receiver compartment depends on the grafting yield of the membranes and the pH of the feed solution. To the contrary, iron ions did not diffuse through the membranes of all grafting yields. However, a limited amount of iron ions diffused in strong acidic medium. This study shows that the prepared membranes could be considered for the separation of copper ions from iron ions. The temperature of thermal decomposition of pure PVA-g-AAc/Azol membrane, PVA-g-AAc/Azol membrane containing copper ions, and PVA-g-AAc/Azol membrane containing iron ions were determined using TGA analyzer. It was shown that the presence of Cu and Fe ions increases the decomposition temperature, and the membranes bonded with iron ions are more stable than those containing copper ions. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Keywords: Acrylic Acid, Acrylonitrile, Adsorption, Binary Monomers, Complex-Formation, Copper, Diffusion, Glucose-Oxidase, Metal Separation, Metal-Ions, N-Vinyl Imidazole, Permeation, pH, Poly(N-Vinylimidazole), Poly(Vinyl Alcohol), Polymer Membranes, Separation, Thermal Analysis, Thermal-Degradation

? Dwivedi, S., Srivastava, S., Mishra, S., Kumar, A., Tripathi, R.D., Rai, U.N., Dave, R., Tripathi, P., Charkrabarty, D. and Trivedi, P.K. (2010), Characterization of native microalgal strains for their chromium bioaccumulation potential: Phytoplankton response in polluted habitats. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 173 (1-3), 95-101.

Full Text: 2010\J Haz Mat173, 95.pdf

Abstract: Due to its various uses, Cr contamination has become widespread in a diverse array of environments. The present study was carried out during 2007-2008 to investigate the accumulation potential of metals (Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni and Zn) and metalloid (As) by green (CA) and blue green (BGA) microalgae growing naturally in selected Cr-contaminated sites in districts Unnao and Kanpur (Uttar Pradesh, India). This investigation is a preliminary work to identify suitable native microalgae for biomonitoring and phytoremediation purposes. A total of 22 CA and 11 BCA were encountered in three seasons (summer, rainy and winter). Among these, the accumulation potential was evaluated in high biomass producing strains of BGA (three) and GA (nine). The maximum accumulation of Cr was shown by Phormedium bohneri (8550 mu g g(-1) dw) followed by Oscillatoria tenuis (7354 mu g g(-1) dw), Chlamydomonas angulosa (5325 mu g g(-1) dw), Ulothrix tenuissima (4564 mu g g(-1) dw), and Oscillatoria nigra (1862 mu g g(-1) dw); all of which demonstrated a transfer factor of >10% for Cr. The results also indicate that the phytoplankton diversity was modified by Cr pollution. BCA represented the dominant community where Cr concentration was higher (11.84 and 2.27 mg L-1) (r = 0.695), whereas CA showed negative correlation with respect to Cr concentration (r = -0.567). In conclusion, different algal species were able to grow in Cr-contaminated sites and to accumulate significant amounts of Cr with a high transfer factor. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Keywords: Accumulation, Algae, Biomass, Biosorption, Blue Green Microalgae, Characterization, Chlamydomonas-Reinhardtii, Chromium, Green Microalgae, Heavy-Metals, India, Phytoplankton, Phytoremediation, Pollution, Thermaikos Gulf, Trace-Metals, Ulva-Rigida, Water, Wild-Type

? Zhao, X.L., Wang, J.M., Wu, F.C., Wang, T., Cai, Y.Q., Shi, Y.L. and Jiang, G.B. (2010), Removal of fluoride from aqueous media by Fe₃O₄@Al(OH)₃ magnetic nanoparticles. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 173 (1-3), 102-109.

Full Text: 2010\J Haz Mat173, 102.pdf

Abstract: A novel magnetic nanosized adsorbent using hydrous aluminum oxide embedded with Fe₃O₄ nanoparticle (Fe₃O₄@Al(OH)₍₃₎ NPs), was prepared and applied to remove excessive fluoride from aqueous solution. This adsorbent combines the advantages of magnetic nanoparticle and hydrous aluminum oxide floc with magnetic separability and high affinity toward fluoride, which provides distinctive merits including easy preparation, high adsorption capacity, easy isolation from sample solutions by the application of an external magnetic field. The adsorption capacity calculated by Langmuir equation was 88.48 mg g^-1 at pH 6.5. Main factors affecting the removal of fluoride, such as solution pH, temperature, adsorption time, initial fluoride concentration and co-existing anions were investigated. The adsorption capacity increased with temperature and the kinetics followed a pseudo-second-order rate equation. The enthalpy change (ΔH₀) and entropy change (ΔS₀) was 6.836 kJ mol^-1 and 41.65 J mol^-1 K^-1, which substantiates the endothermic and spontaneous nature of the fluoride adsorption process. Furthermore, the residual concentration of fluoride using Fe₃O₄@Al(OH)₃ NPs as adsorbent could reach 0.3 mg L^-1 with an initial concentration of 20 mg L^-1, which met the standard of World Health Organization (WHO) norms for drinking water quality. All of the results suggested that the Fe₃O₄@Al(OH)₃ NPs with strong and specific affinity to fluoride could be excellent adsorbents for fluoride contaminated water treatment. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Keywords: Adsorbent, Adsorbents, Adsorption, Adsorption Capacity, Aluminum, Aluminum Oxide, Anions, Application, Aqueous Solution, Capacity, Co-Existing Anions, Concentration, Defluoridation, Drinking Water, Drinking Water Quality, Drinking-Water, Endothermic, Enthalpy, Entropy, Environmental Water Samples, Fe₃O₄, Field, Fluoride, Fluoride Adsorption, Hydrous Aluminum Oxide, Kinetics, L1, Langmuir, Langmuir Equation, Layered Double Hydroxides, Magnetic, Magnetic Field, Magnetic Nanoparticle, Magnetic Nanoparticles, Magnetic Nanosized Adsorbent, Media, Nanocomposite, Nanoparticle, Nanoparticles, Norms, Oxide, Particles, Performance, pH, Preparation, Pseudo Second Order, Pseudo-Second-Order, Pseudo-Second-Order Rate, Quality, Removal, Rights, Solution, Solutions, Standard, Temperature, Treatment, Waste-Water, Water, Water Quality, Water Treatment, Water-Quality, World Health Organization

? Çelekli, A., Yavuzatmaca, M. and Bozkurt, H. (2010), An eco-friendly process: Predictive modelling of copper adsorption from aqueous solution on Spirulina platensis. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 173 (1-3), 123-129.

Full Text: 2010\J Haz Mat173, 123.pdf

Abstract: The adsorption of copper ions on Spirulina platensis was studied as a function of contact time, initial metal ion concentration, and initial pH regimes. Characterization of this adsorbent was confirmed by FTIR spectrum. Modified Gompertz and Logistic models have not been previously applied for the adsorption of copper. Logistic was the best model to describe experimental kinetic data. This adsorption could be explained by the intra-particle diffusion, which was composed of more than one sorption processes. Langmuir, Freundlich, and Redlich-Peterson were fitted to equilibrium data models. According to values of error functions and correlation coefficient, the Langmuir and Redlich-Peterson models were more appropriate to describe the adsorption of copper ions on S. platensis. The monolayer maximum adsorption capacity of copper ions was determined as 67.93 mg g^-1. Results indicated that this adsorbent had a great potential for removing of copper as an eco-friendly process. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Keywords: Adsorbent, Adsorption, Adsorption Capacity, Algae, Aqueous Solution, Biomass, Biosorbents Characterization, Biosorption, Capacity, Characterization, Chlorella-Vulgaris, Concentration, Copper, Copper Adsorption, Correlation, Correlation Coefficient, Data, Data Models, Diffusion, Equilibrium, Error, Experimental, Freundlich, FTIR, Function, Functions, Heavy-Metal Sorption, Intra-Particle Diffusion, Intraparticle Diffusion, Ions, Kinetic, Kinetics, Langmuir, Logistic Model, Metal, Methylene-Blue, Model, Modelling, Models, Modified, Monolayer, Parameters, pH, Potential, Redlich-Peterson, Rights, Solution, Sorption, Spirulina Platensis

? Guo, X.Y., Luo, L., Ma, Y.B. and Zhang, S.Z. (2010), Sorption of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons on particulate organic matters. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 173 (1-3), 130-136.

Full Text: 2010\J Haz Mat173, 130.pdf

Abstract: Particulate organic matter (POM) is a key organic matter fraction which can influence soil fertility. Its interactions with hydrophobic organic pollutants (HOCs) have not been characterized and the mechanisms of retention of HOCs by POM remain unclear. In the present study, sorption behaviors of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) naphthalene (NAP), phenanthrene (PHE), and pyrene (PYR) by POW separated from different soils were examined and the POMs were characterized by elemental analysis, solid state C-13 NMR, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). The results indicated that POMs were mainly composed of aliphatic components with high polarity. The different original POMs showed similar chemical composition and configuration. Sorption behaviors of PAHs indicated that there was no significant difference in sorption capacity among the POMs. Sorption of NAP and PHE by POMs displayed a nonlinear isotherm, while sorption of PYR yielded a linear isotherm. No significant hysteresis and ionic strength effect were observed for PAH desorption from the POMs. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Keywords: Analysis, C-13, Chemical Composition, Coefficients, Contaminants, Desorption, Desorption, Distributed Reactivity Model, Enrichment, Fourier Transform Infrared, FTIR, Infrared, Isotherm, Naphthalene, NMR, Particulate Organic Matter, Phenanthrene Sorption, Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons, POM, Retention, Sediments, Size Fractions, Soil, Soil Humic Acids, Soils, Sorption, Substances

? Lazaridis, N.K. and Keenan, H. (2010), Chitosan beads as barriers to the transport of azo dye in soil column. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 173 (1-3), 144-150.

Full Text: 2010\J Haz Mat173, 144.pdf

Abstract: The development of chitosan-based materials as useful adsorbent polymeric matrices is an expanding field in the area of adsorption science. Although chitosan has been successfully used for the removal of dyes from aqueous solutions, no consideration is given to the removal of dyes from contaminated soils. Therefore this study focuses on the potential use of chitosan as an in situ remediation technology. The chitosan beads were used as barriers to the transport of a reactive dye (Reactive Black 5, RB5) in soil column experiments. Batch sorption experiments, kinetic and equilibrium, were performed to estimate the sorption behavior of both chitosan and soil. The chitosan beads were prepared in accordance with published literature and a synthetic soil was prepared by mixing quantities of sand, silt and clay. The synthetic soil was classified according to British Standards. Calcium chloride was used as tracer to define transport rates and other physical experimental parameters. Dye transport reaction parameters were determined by fitting dye breakthrough curves (BTCs) to the HYDRUS-1D version 4.xx software. Fourier Transform-Infra Red (FT-IR) spectroscopy was used to reveal the sorption mechanism. The study showed that chitosan exhibited a high sorption capacity (S-max = 238 mg/g) and pseudo-first sorption rate (k(1) = 1.02 h^-1) coupled with low swelling and increased retardation for the azo dye tested. Thus it has potential as a Permeable Reactive Barrier (PRB) for containment and remediation of contaminated sites. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Keywords: Activated Carbon, Adsorbent, Adsorption, Aqueous Solutions, Aqueous-Solution, Azo Dye, Barriers, Beads, Behavior, Biosorption, Breakthrough, Breakthrough Curves, Brilliant Blue FCF, Calcium, Capacity, Chitosan, Chloride, Clay, Column, Column Experiments, Contaminated Soils, Development, Dye, Dyes, Equilibrium, Experimental, Experiments, Field, FT-IR, FTIR, In Situ, Ionic-Strength, Kinetic, Literature, Mechanism, Mixing, Physical, Polymeric, Potential, Rates, Reactive Barriers, Reactive Black 5, Reactive Black-5, Reactive Dye, Remediation, Removal, Removal Of Dyes, Rights, Sand, Science, Software, Soil, Soil Column, Soils, Solutions, Sorption, Sorption, Sorption Capacity, Sorption Mechanism, Spectroscopy, Swelling, Synthetic Soil, Technology, Tracer, Transport, Version

? Rathore, R.S., Srivastava, D.K., Agarwal, A.K. and Verma, N. (2010), Development of surface functionalized activated carbon fiber for control of NO and particulate matter. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 173 (1-3), 211-222.

Full Text: 2010\J Haz Mat173, 211.pdf

Abstract: This study investigates the development and potential application of activated carbon fibers (ACF) functionalized with ammonia for control of NO and particulate matter (PM) in diesel engine exhaust. A tubular reactor packed with ACF was used to experimentally study the oxidation of NO at room temperature. Tests were conducted at ACF functionalized with three aqueous ammonia concentrations (3, 5, 10 M), three basic reagents (ammonia, pyridine, amine) and three NO concentrations (100, 300,500 ppm). After offline investigation, the ACF-packed tubular reactor was installed downstream of the, engine’s exhaust to ascertain the PM capturing efficiency of ACF. The experimental conditions for PM removal included three weights of ACF (2, 3.5, 4.5 g), three engine loads (0, 25, 50 Nm) and three temperatures (150, 300, 450 degrees C). The maximum 70% conversion for NO was obtained at NO concentration of 300 ppm for ACF functionalized with 5 M ammonia, whereas maximum 90% reduction in PM was observed at engine load of 25 Nm and 450 degrees C. The study shows significant potential for the ACF based filters in capturing both homogeneous and heterogeneous pollutants emitted from automobiles. Our previously developed transport model incorporating the mechanism for the oxidation of NO was also used to explain the experimental data. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Keywords: ACF, Activated Carbon, Activated Carbon Fiber, Adsorption, Catalytic-Oxidation, Chemistry, Diesel Particulate Filter, Engine, Engine Emission, Fiber, Fibers, NO, Oxidation, Particulate Matter, Pyridine, Removal, SO₂, Surface Functionalization

? Dave, S., Damani, M. and Tipre, D. (2010), Copper remediation by Eichhornia spp. and sulphate-reducing bacteria. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 173 (1-3), 231-235.

Full Text: 2010\J Haz Mat173, 231.pdf

Abstract: Eichhornia spp. biomass was collected from Chandola Lake, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India. Point of zero charge of the biomass was pH 7.3. Flask study showed pH 5 and 2-3 h contact time as optimum conditions for copper sorption with 67.25% copper removal. At the end of 24 h of contact time, copper removal reached to 85.0%, from 100 ppm copper containing solution. Copper loading capacity of the biomass ranged between 9.9 and 28.5 mg g^-1 of biomass. To understand the interaction among pH, temperature, presence of nickel and zinc in the system, 2(4) factorial experiment was performed. Under the experimental conditions pH and interactions between pH-nickel, temperature-pH and temperature-pH-nickel-zinc were found to be significant with 60-74.7% copper removal. Langmuir isotherm was better fit as compared to Freundlich isotherm and pseudo-second order equation gave R^-2 of 0.999 for biosorption kinetic of Eichhornia biomass. Reactor study showed 90% overall copper removal from 24 L of copper containing waste studied and sulphate-reducing bacteria played a significant role. SEMquant element analysis showed increase from 41.66% to 53.93%, 1.02-19.73% and 0.0-12.39% of chloride, aluminium and copper respectively in the loaded biomass as compare to unexposed biomass. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Keywords: Aluminium, Analysis, Aqueous-Solution, Bacteria, Biomass, Biosorption, Biosorption, Biosorption Kinetic, Capacity, Charge, Chloride, Copper, Copper Removal, EDX, Eichhornia, Equilibrium, Experiment, Experimental, Freundlich, Freundlich Isotherm, India, Interaction, Isotherm, Kinetic, Langmuir, Langmuir Isotherm, Loading, Nickel, pH, Pseudo Second Order, Pseudo-Second Order, Pseudo-Second-Order, Remediation, Removal, Rights, Role, Solution, Sorption, SRB, Temperature, Waste, Zinc

? Semerjian, L. (2010), Equilibrium and kinetics of cadmium adsorption from aqueous solutions using untreated Pinus halepensis sawdust. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 173 (1-3), 236-242.

Full Text: 2010\J Haz Mat173, 236.pdf

Abstract: Untreated Pinus halepensis sawdust has been investigated as an adsorbent for the removal of cadmium from aqueous solutions. Batch experiments were carried out to investigate the effect of pH, adsorbent dose, contact time, and metal concentration on sorption efficiency. The favorable pH for maximum cadmium adsorption was at 9.0. For the investigated cadmium concentrations (1-50 mg/L), maximum adsorption rates were achieved almost in the 10-20min of contact. An adsorbent dose of 10g/L was optimum for almost complete cadmium removal within 30 min from a 5 mg/L cadmium solution. For all contact times, an increase in cadmium concentration resulted in decrease in the percent cadmium removal (100-87%), and an increase in adsorption capacity (0.11-5.36 mg/g). The equilibrium adsorption data were best fitted with the Freundlich isotherm (R² = 0.960). The kinetics of cadmium adsorption was very well described by the pseudo-second-order kinetic model (R² > 0.999). (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Keywords: Adsorbent, Adsorbent Dose, Adsorption, Adsorption Capacity, Aqueous Solutions, Biomass, Biosorption, Cadmium, Cadmium Adsorption, Capacity, Concentration, Data, Efficiency, Equilibrium, Experiments, Freundlich, Freundlich Isotherm, Heavy-Metal Ions, Isotherm, Isotherms, Kinetic, Kinetic Model, Kinetic Models, Kinetics, Mechanism, Metal, Methylene-Blue, Model, Pb(II), pH, Pinus Halepensis Sawdust, Pseudo Second Order, Pseudo-Second-Order, Pseudo-Second-Order Kinetic Model, Rates, Removal, Rights, Sawdust, Solution, Solutions, Sorption, Sylvestris, Waste-Water

? Xiang, Z.Y., Lu, Y.C., Gong, X.C. and Luo, G.S. (2010), Absorption and desorption of gaseous toluene by an absorbent microcapsules column. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 173 (1-3), 243-248.

Full Text: 2010\J Haz Mat173, 243.pdf

Abstract: Heavy solvents absorption appears to be very attractive in recovering of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from industrial tail gas. Their high viscosities make good dispersion required but difficult to reduce mass transfer resistance. Microencapsulation techniques provide a candidate solution. In this paper, vapor pressures for toluene + poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) mixtures were measured at temperature ranging from 273.2 K to 343.2 K. Polyacrylonitrile (PAN) hollow microspheres, prepared by orifice dispersion plus solvent extraction method, was used to immobilize PDMS. The capacity was adjusted from 2.3 g to 9.3 g PDMS/g PAN by addition of cyclohexane in PDMS during solvent impregnation. The breakthrough curves of column packed with PDMS/PAN microcapsules were determined, indicating shapes close to ideality, high absorption efficiencies and considerable absorption capacities before breakthrough. The influence of operational temperature, concentration of feed and gas feed flow rate on the absorption process were investigated as well. A mathematical model, suitable for dilute gas absorption process, was used to simulate the breakthrough curves. This model has proved to be useful to fit curves and analyze the absorption kinetics of PDMS/PAN microcapsules column. After absorption, the column can be regenerated completely by gas stripping. Enrichment of toluene was founded by increasing desorption temperature. Through absorption and desorption by turns, the stability of PDMS/PAN microcapsules column was verified. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Keywords: Absorption, Absorption Isotherm, Adsorption, Breakthrough, Breakthrough Curve, Compounds, Desorption, Kinetics, Mass Transfer, Metal-Ions, Microcapsule, Organic Compounds, PDMS, Polystyrene Microcapsules, Polysulfone Microcapsules, Recovery, Removal, Rotating Packed-Bed, Separation, Toluene, VOCs, Volatile Organic-Compounds, Waste-Gas Streams

? Rao, R.A.K., Khan, M.A. and Jeon, B.H. (2010), Utilization of carbon derived from mustard oil cake (CMOC) for the removal of bivalent metal ions: Effect of anionic surfactant on the removal and recovery. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 173 (1-3), 273-282.

Full Text: 2010\J Haz Mat173, 273.pdf

Abstract: Effect of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) on the adsorption of Zn(II) and Ni(II) on CMOC was investigated. Addition of SDS favored the adsorption process. Adsorption process was found to be dependent on concentration, pH, dose, contact time and temperature. Thermodynamic studies showed that the process is endothermic and spontaneous. The spontaneity increases with increase in temperature. D-R isotherm suggests that the adsorption is chemical in nature. Kinetics studies showed better applicability of pseudo second order model. Reichenberg equation showed that pore diffusion was not only the rate determining step but some other process like film diffusion was also involved in the adsorption. These metals could be desorbed (75-80%) with 0.1 M HCl as eluent. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Keywords: Adsorption, Aqueous-Solution, Cadmium(II), Carbon, Cd(II), Chemical, Chemical Adsorption, Concentration, Copper(II), D-R Isotherm, Diffusion, Endothermic, Equilibrium, Film Diffusion, Fly-Ash, Ions, Isotherm, Kinetics, Metal, Metal Ions, Metals, Model, Ni(II), pH, Pore Diffusion, Pseudo Second Order, Pseudo-Second-Order, Recovery, Removal, Rights, SDS, Second Order, Second-Order, Sodium, Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate, Sorption, Sulfate, Surfactant, Temperature, Thermodynamic, Ultrafiltration, Waste-Water, Zn(II)

? Hu, Z.H., Chen, H., Ji, F. and Yuan, S.J. (2010), Removal of Congo Red from aqueous solution by cattail root. Journal of Hazardous Materials,