Personal Research Database

181 (1-3), 801-808.

Full Text: 2010\J Haz Mat181, 801.pdf

Abstract: A novel approach to prepare activated carbon from blue-green algal bloom residue has been tried for first time and its adsorption capability to remove hexavalent chromium Cr(VI) from aqueous solution has been examined. For this algal bloom residue derived activated carbon, the physical characters regarding adsorption capability were analyzed by scanning electron microscope (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscope (EDS) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. Batch studies showed that initial pH, absorbent dosage, and initial concentration of Cr(VI) were important parameters for Cr(VI) absorption. It was found that initial pH of 1.0 was most favorable for Cr(VI) removal. The adsorption process followed the pseudo-second-order equation and Freundlich isotherm. The maximum adsorption capacity for Cr(VI) was 155.52 mg g^-1 in an acidic medium, which is comparable to best result from activated carbons derived from biomass. Therefore, this work put forward a nearly perfect solution which on one hand gets rid of environment-unfriendly algae residue while on the other hand produces high-quality activated carbon that is in return advantageous to environment protection. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Keywords: Absorbent, Absorption, Activated Carbon, Activated Carbons, Adsorbents, Adsorption, Adsorption, Adsorption Capacity, Algae, Algal Bloom, Algal Bloom Residue, Approach, Aqueous Solution, Biomass, Biosorption, Capacity, Carbon, Chromium, Chromium Removal, Chromium(VI) Removal, Concentration, Cr(VI), Eds, Energy, Environment, Equilibrium, First, Freundlich, Freundlich Isotherm, FTIR, Hexavalent Chromium, Isotherm, Kinetic, Kinetic Studies, Kinetics, pH, Physical, Protection, Pseudo Second Order, Pseudo-Second-Order, Pseudo-Second-Order Equation, Recovery, Removal, Rights, Sawdust, SEM, Solution, Spectroscopy, Waste-Water, Work, X-Ray

? Afkhami, A., Saber-Tehrani, M. and Bagheri, H. (2010), Simultaneous removal of heavy-metal ions in wastewater samples using nano-alumina modified with 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 181 (1-3), 836-844.

Full Text: 2010\J Haz Mat181, 836.pdf

Abstract: 2,4-Dinitrophenylhydrazine (DNPH) immobilized on sodium dodecyl sulfate coated nano-alumina was developed for the removal of metal cations Pb(II), Cd(II), Cr(III), Co(II), Ni(II) and Mn(II) from water samples. The research results displayed that adsorbent has the highest adsorption capacity for Pb(II), Cr(III) and Cd(II) in ions mixture system. Optimal experimental conditions including pH, adsorbent dosage and contact time have been established. Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models were applied to analyze the experimental data. The best interpretation for the experimental data was given by the Freundlich adsorption isotherm equation for Mn(II), Pb(II), Cr(III) and Cd(II) ions and by Langmuir isotherm equation for Ni(II) and Co(II) ions. Desorption experiments by elution of the adsorbent with a mixture of nitric acid and methanol show that the modified alumina nanoparticles could be reused without significant losses of its initial properties even after three adsorption-desorption cycles. Thus, modified nano-alumina with DNPH is favorable and useful for the removal of these metal ions, and the high adsorption capacity makes it a good promising candidate material for Pb(II),Cr(III) and Cd(II) removal. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Keywords: Absorption Spectrometric Determination, Adsorbent, Adsorption, Adsorption Capacity, Adsorption Isotherm, Alumina Nanoparticles, Aqueous-Solutions, Carbon Cloth, Co(II), Contact Time, Desorption, Freundlich, Freundlich Isotherm, Heavy Metal, Heavy Metal Ions, Heavy-Metal Ions Removal, Isotherm, Isotherm Models, Isotherms, Langmuir, Langmuir and Freundlich Isotherm, Langmuir Isotherm, Metal Ions, Modified Nanoparticles, Nanoparticles, Pb(II), pH, Preconcentration, Removal, Research, Solid-Phase Extraction, Surfactant-Coated Alumina, System, Titanate Nanofibers, Wastewater, Water

? Conesa, H.M., Wieser, M., Gasser, M., Hockmann, K., Evangelou, M.W.H., Studer, B. and Schulin, R. (2010), Effects of three amendments on extractability and fractionation of Pb, Cu, Ni and Sb in two shooting range soils. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 181 (1-3), 845-850.

Full Text: 2010\J Haz Mat181, 845.pdf

Abstract: Contamination of shooting range soils with toxic trace elements, in particular Pb and Sb, is of increasing environmental concern worldwide. We studied the extractability of Sb, and other metals ill two shooting range soils: a calcareous soil (pH 8) with low organic carbon (0.5%) and a non-calcareous soil (pH 6.3) with elevated organic carbon content (5%). Both soils contained total concentrations of around 500 mg kg(-1) Pb, 65 mg kg(-1) Cu, 100 mg kg(-1) Zn and 20 mg kg(-1) Sb. We tested the effects of Ca(OH)(2), phosphate and sodium humate amendments on metals and Sb extractability. Extracts with H2O and NaNO3 contained 0.02-0.05% of the total Zn and Pb; 0.1-0.5% of total Ni and Cu and similar to 1% of total Sb. Sequential extraction procedure of Zeien and Brummer resulted in similar percentages for the sum of the two most labile fractions (F1 + F2) in two soils: 10% Pb, and 15-20% Sb. Water and NaNO3-extractable Sb concentrations increased after phosphate addition, but were not affected by the addition of sodium humate. The results show that leaching of Sb from shooting ranges into ground and surface waters may generate a serious environmental risk under widely different soils conditions. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Keywords: Antimony, Antimony, Chemistry, Contaminated Soils, Environment, Heavy-Metals, Humic-Acid, Lead, Metals, pH, Sequential Extraction, Shooting Ranges, Soil, Soils, Solubility, Sorption, Waters

? Sureda, R., Martínez-Lladó, X., Rovira, M., de Pablo, J., Casas, I. and Giménez, J. (2010), Sorption of strontium on uranyl peroxide: Implications for a high-level nuclear waste repository. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 181 (1-3), 881-885.

Full Text: 2010\J Haz Mat181, 881.pdf

Abstract: Strontium-90 is considered the most important radioactive isotope in the environment and one of the most frequently occurring radionuclides in groundwaters at nuclear facilities. The uranyl peroxide studtite (UO₂O₂ 4H₂O) has been observed to be formed in spent nuclear fuel leaching experiments and seems to have a relatively high sorption capacity for some radionuclides. In this work, the sorption of strontium onto studtite is studied as a function of time. strontium concentration in solution and pH. The main results obtained are (a) sorption is relatively fast although slower than for cesium; (b) strontium seems to be sorbed via a monolayer coverage of the studtite surface, (c) sorption has a strong dependence on ionic strength, is negligible at acidic pH, and increases at neutral to alkaline pH (almost 100% of the strontium in solution is sorbed above pH 10). These results point to uranium secondary solid phase formation on the spent nuclear fuel as an important mechanism for strontium retention in a high-level nuclear waste repository (HLNW). (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Keywords: Activated Carbon, Adsorption, Bentonite, Capacity, Cesium, Concentration, Coverage, Environment, Experiments, Facilities, Fe(Iii) Oxide, Function, Groundwaters, High-Level Nuclear Waste Repository, Ionic Strength, Ionic-Strength, Langmuir Isotherm, Leaching, Magnetite, Mechanism, Monolayer, pH, Radionuclides, Retention, Rights, Silica, Solution, Sorption, Sorption Capacity, Spent Fuel, Spent Nuclear Fuel, Strength, Strontium, Strontium-90, Surface, Surfaces, Uranium, Waste, Work

? Zhang, Y., Li, Y.F., Li, X.L., Yang, L.Q., Bai, X., Ye, Z.F., Zhou, L.C. and Wang, L.Y. (2010), Selective removal for Pb²⁺ in aqueous environment by using novel macroreticular PVA beads. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 181 (1-3), 898-907.

Full Text: 2010\J Haz Mat181, 898.pdf

Abstract: Batch sorption experiments were conducted using macroreticular poly(vinyl alcohol) (MR-PVA) beads as a adsorbent to adsorb Pb(II) from both single component system and multi-metal solution in which experimental parameters were studied including solution pH, contact time, adsorbent dose, initial concentration of metal ions and ionic strength. The equilibrium isotherms were determined at pH 6 under constant ionic strength and at different temperatures. The results showed that the maximum adsorption capacity of Pb(II) (213.98 mg g^-1) with 1 g L^-1 of adsorbent was observed at 300 mg L-1 at an initial pH value of 6.0 under temperature of 288 K. Removals of about 60% occurred in 30 min, and equilibrium was attained at around 150 min. The equilibrium data for the adsorption of Pb(II) on MR-PVA beads was tested with various adsorption isotherm models among which three models were found to be suitable for the Pb(II) adsorption. In addition, the kinetic adsorption fitted well to the pseudo-second-order model and the corresponding rate constants were obtained. Thermodynamic aspects of the adsorption process were also investigated. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Keywords: Adsorbent, Adsorbent Dose, Adsorption, Adsorption Capacity, Adsorption Isotherm, Adsorption Isotherm Models, Alcohol, Batch Study, Beads, Biosorption, Cadmium, Capacity, Concentration, Data, Environment, Equilibrium, Equilibrium Isotherms, Experimental, Experiments, Heavy-Metals, Ionic Strength, Ions, Isotherm, Isotherms, Kaolinite Clay, Kinetic, Kinetic Adsorption, Kinetic-Model, L1, Lead, Metal, Metal Ions, Model, Models, MR-PVA Beads, Pb(II), Pb²⁺, pH, pH Value, Pseudo Second Order, Pseudo-Second-Order, Pseudo-Second-Order Model, Rate Constants, Removal, Rights, Selective Adsorption, Solution, Sorption, Strength, Temperature, Thermodynamic, Value

? Bai, Y.H., Sun, Q.H., Xing, R., Wen, D.H. and Tang, X.Y. (2010), Removal of pyridine and quinoline by bio-zeolite composed of mixed degrading bacteria and modified zeolite. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 181 (1-3), 916-922.

Full Text: 2010\J Haz Mat181, 916.pdf

Abstract: In the process of the biodegradation of pyridine and quinoline, ammonium is often generated because of the transformation of N from pyridine and quinoline. Zeolite has been proven to be an effective sorbent for the removal of the ammonium. The natural zeolite can be modified to be the macroporous carrier in the biological wastewater treatment process. In this study, a specific bio-zeolite composed of mixed bacteria (a pyridine-degrading bacterium and a quinoline-degrading bacterium) and modified zeolite was used for biodegradation and adsorption in two types of wastewater: sterile synthetic and coking wastewater. The experimental results indicated that pyridine and quinoline could be degraded simultaneously by the mixed bacteria. Furthermore, NH₄⁺-N transformed from pyridine and quinoline could be removed by the modified zeolite. In addition, the bacterial community structures of the coking wastewater and the bio-zeolite were monitored by the amplicon length heterogeneity polymerase-chain reaction (LH-PCR) technique. Both LH-PCR results and scanning electron microscope (SEM) observations indicated that the microorganisms, including BW001 and BW003, could be easily attached on the surface of the modified zeolite and that the bio-zeolite could be used in the treatment of wastewater containing pyridine and/or quinoline. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Keywords: Adsorption, Adsorption, Ammonium, Ammonium Removal, Aqueous-Solution, Bacteria, Bacterium, Bio-Zeolite, Biodegradation, Biodegradation, Biological, Coking Wastewater, Community, Derivatives, Exchange, Experimental, Heterogeneity, Ion, Length, LH-PCR, Macroporous, Microbial-Degradation, Microorganisms, Modified, Modified Zeolite, N, Natural, Natural Zeolite, Polymerase Chain Reaction, Pyridine, Quinoline, Removal, Rights, SEM, Sorbent, Surface, Transformation, Treatment, Tree Fern, Wastewater, Wastewater Treatment, Zeolite

? Afzali, D., Mostafavi, A. and Mirzaei, M. (2010), Preconcentration of gold ions from water samples by modified organo-nanoclay sorbent prior to flame atomic absorption spectrometry determination. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 181 (1-3), 957-961.

Full Text: 2010\J Haz Mat181, 957.pdf

Abstract: In this work, the applicability of modified organo nanoclay as a new and easy prepared solid sorbent for the preconcentration of trace amounts of Au(III) ion from water samples is studied. The organ nanoclay was modified with 5-(4’-dimethylamino benzyliden)-rhodanine and used as a sorbent for separation of Au(III) ions. The sorption of gold ions was quantitative in the pH range of 2.0-6.0. Quantitative desorption occurred with 6.0 mL of 1.0 mol L-1 Na2S2O3. The amount of eluted Au(III) was measured using flame atomic absorption spectrometry. In the initial solution the linear dynamic range was in the range of 0.45 ng mL(-1) to 10.0 mu g mL(-1), the detection limit was 0.1 ng mL(-1) and the preconcentration factor was 105. Also, the relative standard deviation was +/- 2.3% (n = 8 and C = 2.0 mu g mL(-1)) and the maximum capacity of the sorbent was 3.9 mg of Au(III) per gram of modified organo nanoclay. The influences of the experimental parameters including sample pH, eluent volume and eluent type, sample volume, and interference of some ions on the recoveries of the gold ion were investigated. The proposed method was applied for preconcentration and determination of gold in different samples. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Keywords: 5-(4-Dimethylamino Benzyliden)-Rhodanine, Atomic Absorption Spectrometry, Clay, Desorption, Enrichment, Environmental-Samples, Gold Determination, Gold(III), Metal-Ions, Microcolumn, Nanoclay, pH, Preconcentration, Separation, Silica-Gel, Solid-Phase Extraction, Sorbent, Sorption, Water

? Calabro, P.S., Sbaffoni, S., Orsi, S., Gentili, E. and Meoni, C. (2010), The landfill reinjection of concentrated leachate: Findings from a monitoring study at an Italian site. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 181 (1-3), 962-968.

Full Text: 2010\J Haz Mat181, 962.pdf

Abstract: The membrane-based processes are among the most used techniques for leachate treatment in modern landfills but its environmental, technical and economical sustainability strongly depends on the disposal of concentrated leachate that is produced there. This paper presents the monitoring study of the landfill of the municipality of Monsummano Terme (Pistoia province, Tuscany. Italy) named “II Fossetto” where concentrated leachate obtained during membrane treatment is recirculated. The findings resulting from the first 30 months of monitoring of concentrated leachate recirculation show that leachate production did not increase significantly and that only a few quality parameters (i.e. COD, Nickel and Zinc) presented a moderate increase. Moreover, the latest data on biogas composition seem to indicate a reduction in methane content that, if confirmed, could be related to the partial inhibition of methanogens due to the competition of sulphate reducing bacteria. The non-accumulation of other conservative pollutants such as Ammonia Nitrogen and Chloride in the leachate is still under investigation and needs to be better clarified. The overall sustainability of the reinjection as a means of disposing of the concentrated leachate produced by membrane treatment should be further analysed and evaluated in the long term. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Keywords: Adsorption, Bacteria, Biogas, Bioreactor Landfill, COD, Degradation, Italy, Leachate Recirculation, Membrane Treatment, Nickel, Pretreated Waste, Production, Recirculation, Scale, Treatment, Water

? Maliyekkal, S.M., Lisha, K.P. and Pradeep, T. (2010), A novel cellulose-manganese oxide hybrid material by in situ soft chemical synthesis and its application for the removal of Pb(II) from water. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 181 (1-3), 986-995.

Full Text: 2010\J Haz Mat181, 986.pdf

Abstract: We report an in situ soft chemical synthesis of a novel hybrid material, cellulose-nanoscale-manganese oxide composite (C-NMOC), and its application for Pb(II) removal from aqueous solutions. For comparison, detailed Pb(II) adsorption studies were also performed with nanoscale-manganese oxide powder (NMO), prepared through a similar route. Various spectroscopic and microscopic techniques were used to characterize the as-synthesized materials. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopic (XPS) measurements confirmed the existence of Mn(IV) phase in NMO whereas C-NMOC showed largely the Mn(III) phase. The existence and uniform distribution of manganese oxide in cellulose fiber materials was confirmed by SEM and EDAX analyses. The adsorption studies reveal that the Pb(II) uptake onto C-NMOC is a fast process and >90% of the uptake occurred within the first 10 min contact time. The Sips isotherm predicted the equilibrium data well and the maximum Pb(II) uptake capacity of C-NMOC (4.64% Mn loading) was estimeted to be 80.1 mg g^-1. The Pb(II) adsorption capacity of C-NMOC (per gram of Mn present) was several times higher than commercial manganese oxide (beta-MnO₂) and at least twice larger than NMO. The experimental evidence reveals that physisorption plays a dominant role in Pb(II) adsorption by both NMO and C-NMOC. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Keywords: Adsorption, Adsorption, Adsorption Capacity, Analyses, Application, Aqueous Solutions, Aqueous-Solution, Capacity, Cellulose, Chemical, Chemical Synthesis, Comparison, Composite, Data, Decomposition, Distribution, EDAX, Equilibrium, Evidence, Experimental, First, Heavy-Metals, Hybrid, Hybrid Materials, In Situ, Isotherm, Isotherm Models, Lead, Lead(II) Ions, Loading, Manganese, Manganese Oxide, Nanoparticles, Nanoscale-Manganese Oxide, Nanostructures, Oxide, Pb(II), Pb(II) Removal, Removal, Rights, Role, Route, SEM, Solutions, Sorption, Synthesis, Techniques, Uptake, Water, X-Ray, XPS

? He, C., Li, P., Wang, H.L., Cheng, J., Zhang, X.Y., Wang, Y.F. and Hao, Z.P. (2010), Ligand-assisted preparation of highly active and stable nanometric Pd confined catalysts for deep catalytic oxidation of toluene. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 181 (1-3), 996-1003.

Full Text: 2010\J Haz Mat181, 996.pdf

Abstract: In this study, mesoporous SBA-15 supported Pd catalysts were synthesized through impregnation and grafting approaches. Moreover, the influences of different solvents (ethanol, H₂O, tetrahydrofuran, dimethyl sulphoxide and N,N-dimethylformamide) on the dispersion of supported Pd nanoparticles were also systematically investigated. The prepared materials were comprehensively explored by various techniques. including XRD, EDS, ICP-OES, H-2 chemisorption, N-2 adsorption/desorption, TG-DSC, FT-IR, TEM and STEM. It is found that the traditional impregnation method has some disadvantages in obtaining highly dispersed Pd active phase. Whereas, the grafting method could highly disperse Pd nanoparticles within the mesoporous channels of support material, and the grafting procedure should be promising in designing highly dispersed Pd particles on the silica-based mesoporous materials. The catalyst prepared via the grafting procedure possesses much higher activity and selectivity than that prepared by impregnation method for deep catalytic oxidation of toluene. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Keywords: Benzene Oxidation, Catalytic Oxidation, Channels, Combustion, Ethyl-Acetate, FTIR, H-2, Highly Dispersed Pd, ICP-OES, Ligand-Assisted, Mesoporous, Mesoporous Silica, Nanoparticles, Oxidation, Palladium, SBA-15, Size, Surface, TEM, Toluene, VOCs, XRD

? Fang, L.C., Cai, P., Li, P.X., Wu, H.Y., Liang, W., Rong, X.M., Chen, W.L. and Huang, Q.Y. (2010), Microcalorimetric and potentiometric titration studies on the adsorption of copper by P. putida and B. thuringiensis and their composites with minerals. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 181 (1-3), 1031-1038.

Full Text: 2010\J Haz Mat181, 1031.pdf

Abstract: In order to have a better understanding of the interactions of heavy metals with bacteria and minerals in soil and associated environments, isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC), potentiometric titration and equilibrium sorption experiments were conducted to investigate the adsorption behavior of Cu(II) by Bacillus thuringiensis. Pseudomonas putida and their composites with minerals. The interaction of montmorillonite with bacteria increased the reactive sites and resulted in greater adsorption for Cu(II) on their composites, while decreased adsorption sites and capacities for Cu(II) were observed on goethite-bacteria composites. A gram-positive bacterium B. thuringiensis played a more important role than a gram-negative bacterium P. putida in determining the properties of the bacteria-minerals interfaces. The enthalpy changes (Delta H-ads) from endothermic (6.14 kJ mol(-1)) to slightly exothermic (-0.78 kJ mol(-1)) suggested that Cu(II) is complexed with the anionic oxygen ligands on the surface of bacteria-mineral composites. Large entropies (32.96-58.89 J mol(-1) K-1) of Cu(II) adsorption onto bacteria-mineral composites demonstrated the formation of inner-sphere complexes in the presence of bacteria. The thermodynamic data implied that Cu(II) mainly bound to the carboxyl and phosphoryl groups as inner-sphere complexes on bacteria and mineral-bacteria composites. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Keywords: Adsorption, Bacillus-Subtilis, Bacteria, Bacterial-Cell Walls, Behavior, Cadmium, Composites, Copper, Cu(II), Equilibrium, Heavy Metals, Heavy-Metals, Kaolinite, Mineral, Montmorillonite, Oxide, Pseudomonas-Putida, Soil, Sorption, Thermodynamic, Titration

? Iram, M., Guo, C., Guan, Y.P., Ishfaq, A. and Liu, H.Z. (2010), Adsorption and magnetic removal of neutral red dye from aqueous solution using Fe₃O₄ hollow nanospheres. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 181 (1-3), 1039-1050.

Full Text: 2010\J Haz Mat181, 1039.pdf

Abstract: Fe₃O₄ hollow nanospheres were prepared via a simple one-pot template-free hydrothermal method and were fully characterized. These magnetic spheres have been investigated for application as an adsorbant for the removal of dye contaminants from water. Because of the high specific surface area, nano-scale particle size, and hollow porous material, Fe3O4 hollow spheres showed favorable adsorption behavior for Neutral red. Factors affecting adsorption, such as, initial dye concentration, pH and contact time were evaluated. Langmuir and the Freundlich adsorption isotherms were selected to explicate the interaction of the dye and magnetic adsorbant. The characteristic parameters for each isotherm have been determined. The overall trend followed an increase of the sorption capacity with increasing dye concentration with a maximum of 90% dye removal. The monolayer adsorption capacity of magnetic hollow spheres (0.05 g) for NR in the concentration range studied, as calculated from the Langmuir isotherm model at 25ºC and pH 6, was found to be 105 mg g^-1. Adsorption kinetic followed pseudo-second-order reaction kinetics. Thermodynamic study showed that the adsorption processes are spontaneous and endothermic. The combination of the superior adsorption and the magnetic properties of Fe₃O₄ nanospheres can be useful as a powerful separation tool to deal with environmental pollution. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Keywords: Activated Carbon, Adsorption, Adsorption Behavior, Adsorption Capacity, Adsorption Isotherms, Adsorption Kinetic, Application, Aqueous Solution, Basic Dye, Behavior, Capacity, Carbon Nanotubes, Cationic Dyes, Color Removal, Concentration, Contaminants, Dye, Dye Removal, Endothermic, Environmental, Environmental Pollution, Fe₃O₄, Fe₃O₄ Hollow Nanospheres, Freundlich, Hollow Nanospheres, Hollow Spheres, Hydrothermal Method, Interaction, Isotherm, Isotherm Model, Isotherms, Kinetic, Kinetics, Langmuir, Langmuir Isotherm, Langmuir Isotherm Model, Magnetic, Magnetic Properties, Microspheres, Model, Monodisperse, Monolayer, Nanospheres, Neutral Red, Particle Size, pH, Pollution, Porous Material, Pseudo Second Order, Pseudo-Second-Order, Reaction Kinetics, Removal, Rights, Separation, Size, Solution, Sorption, Sorption Capacity, Specific Surface, Specific Surface Area, Spheres, Surface, Surface Area, Template-Free Synthesis, Thermodynamic, Thermodynamic Study, Trend, Waste, Water, Water-Treatment

? Chiang, K.Y., Lin, K.C., Lin, S.C., Chang, T.K. and Wang, M.K. (2010), Arsenic and lead (beudantite) contamination of agricultural rice soils in the Guandu Plain of northern Taiwan. Journal of Hazardous Materials,