Personal Research Database

178 (1-3), 890-894.

Full Text: 2010\J Haz Mat178, 890.pdf

Abstract: In situ biodegradable EDDS ([S,S]-stereoisomer of ethylenediaminedisuccinic acid) applications at low concentration may present conditions where applied EDDS is insufficient relative to sorbed metals in soils. This study investigated the influence of EDDS-to-metal molar ratios (MR), solution pH and soil-to-solution ratio on metal extraction under EDDS deficiency (i.e., MR < 1). Batch kinetics experiments showed that Pb and Zn extraction exhibited different kinetic behaviors at MR 0.35-0.75, while Cu extraction was comparable. At MR 0.75 or below, newly extracted Pb was re-adsorbed onto the soil surfaces. Similar re-adsorption phenomenon, to a lower extent, was observed for newly extracted Zn at MR 0.5 or below, whereas this appeared to be marginal at MR 0.75, reflecting Zn extraction was less affected by EDDS deficiency than Pb extraction. Moreover, Pb extraction at an alkaline condition was preferable under EDDS deficiency because at MR 0.5 it was 30% higher at pH 8 and 9 than pH 5.5 and 7. The influence of varying soil-to-solution ratios (1:50-1:5) at MR 0.5 was marginal compared with that of MR and solution pH. These findings indicated that Pb extraction by deficient EDDS would be more difficult to accomplish compared to Cu and Zn extraction. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Keywords: Chelant-Assisted Remediation, Chelating-Agents, Contaminated Dredged Sediment, Dissolution, EDDS Deficiency, EDTA, Enhanced Phytoextraction, Extraction Kinetics, Heavy-Metals, Kinetic, Kinetic Interactions, Kinetics, Lead, Metal Exchange, Molar Ratio, Operating Variables, pH, Soil, Soil Remediation, Soils, Surfaces

? Ezoddin, M., Shemirani, F., Abdi, K., Saghezchi, M.K. and Jamali, M.R. (2010), Application of modified nano-alumina as a solid phase extraction sorbent for the preconcentration of Cd and Pb in water and herbal samples prior to flame atomic absorption spectrometry determination. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 178 (1-3), 900-905.

Full Text: 2010\J Haz Mat178, 900.pdf

Abstract: The first study on the high efficiency of nanometer-sized gamma-alumina coated with sodium dodecyl sulfate-1-(2-pyridylazo)-2-naphthol (SDS-PAN) as a new sorbent solid phase extraction (SPE) has been reported. A microcolumn packed with modified nanometer-sized alumina was used to preconcentrate and separate Cd and Pb in water and herbal samples. The metals were eluted with 2 mL HNO3 directly and detected with the detection system flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS). Various influencing parameters on the separation and preconcentration of trace metals, such as pH, flow rate, sample volume, amount of sorbent, and concentration of eluent, were studied. Under the optimized operating conditions, the sorption capacities of the modified nano-gamma-alumina for Cd and Pb were 11.1 and 16.4 mg g(-1) respectively. With 500.0 mL sample an enrichment factor of 250 was obtained. The detection limits of this method for Cd and Pb were 0.15 and 0.17 mu g L-1 and the R.S.D.s were 2.8 and 3.2% (n = 10), respectively. The proposed method has been applied to the determination of these metal ions at trace levels in certified reference materials and real samples with satisfactory results. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Keywords: Amberlite XAD-2, Atomic Absorption Spectrometry, Carbon Nanotubes, Emission-Spectrometry, Environmental-Samples, FAAS, Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometry, Metal Ions, Metal-Ions Prior, Nanometer-Sized Gamma-Alumina, Natural-Waters, Online Preconcentration, Operating Conditions, pH, Preconcentration, Silica-Gel, Solid Phase Extraction, Sorbent, Sorption, Spectrophotometric Determination, Surfactant-Coated Alumina, System, Water

? Baig, J.A., Kazi, T.G., Shah, A.Q., Kandhro, G.A., Afridi, H.I., Khan, S. and Kolachi, N.F. (2010), Biosorption studies on powder of stem of Acacia nilotica: Removal of arsenic from surface water. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 178 (1-3), 941-948.

Full Text: 2010\J Haz Mat178, 941.pdf

Abstract: In present study a biomass derived from the stem of Acacia nilotica has been investigated to remove As ions from surface water samples of different origins (lake, canal and river). The effects of various parameters viz. pH, biosorbent dosage, contact time and temperature on the biosorption processes were systematically studied. Experimental data were modeled by Langmuir. Freundlich and Dubinin-Radushkevich (D-R) isotherms. It was observed that As biosorption best fitted to the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms. The mean sorption energy (E) calculated from D-R model, indicated physico-chemical biosorption. Study of thermodynamic parameters revealed the endothermic, spontaneous and feasible nature of biosorption process. The pseudo-second-order rate equation described better the kinetics of As biosorption with good correlation coefficients than pseudo-first-order equation. The biomass of A. nilotica was found to be effective for the removal of As with 95% sorption efficiency at a concentration of <200 mu g/L of As solution, and thus uptake capacity is 50.8 mg As/g of biomass. The A. nilotica biomass could be used as a low-cost biosorbent for As ion removal. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Keywords: Acacia Nilotica, Adsorption, Aqueous-Solutions, Arsenic, As(V), Biomass, Biosorbent, Biosorption, Capacity, Concentration, Correlation, Data, Drinking-Water, Efficiency, Endothermic, Energy, Equilibrium, Freundlich, Fungal Biomass, Ground-Water, Ions, Isotherms, Kinetics, Lake, Langmuir, Langmuir And Freundlich Isotherms, Low Cost, Metal-Ions, Model, Oxide-Coated Cement, pH, Pseudo First Order, Pseudo Second Order, Pseudo-First-Order, Pseudo-First-Order Equation, Pseudo-Second-Order, Pseudo-Second-Order Rate, Removal, Rights, River, Solution, Sorption, Surface, Surface Water, Temperature, Thermodynamic, Thermodynamic Parameters, Uptake, Waste-Water, Water, Water Samples

? Khan, M.A., Kim, S.W., Rao, R.A.K., Abou-Shanab, R.A.I., Bhatnagar, A., Song, H. and Jeon, B.H. (2010), Adsorption studies of Dichloromethane on some commercially available GACs: Effect of kinetics, thermodynamics and competitive ions. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 178 (1-3), 963-972.

Full Text: 2010\J Haz Mat178, 963.pdf

Abstract: The objective of this work was to compare the effectiveness of four commercially available granular activated carbons (GACs); coconut (CGAC), wood (WGAC), lignite (LGAC) and bituminous (BGAC) for the removal of dichloromethane (DCM) from aqueous solution by batch process. Various parameters such as thermodynamics, kinetics, pH, concentration of adsorbate, dosages of adsorbent and competitive ions effect on DCM adsorption were investigated. Maximum adsorption capacity (45.5 mg/g for CGAC) was observed at pH 6.0-8.0. The kinetics data indicate better applicability of pseudo-second-order kinetics model at 25 and 35ºC. Freundlich model was better obeyed on CGAC, WGAC, and BGAC, while LGAC followed Langmuir model. The adsorption process for 100 mg/L initial DCM concentration on CGAC was exothermic in nature. The adsorption of DCM on various adsorbents involves physical adsorption process. The adsorption of DCM over a large range of initial concentration on CGAC and LGAC is effective even in presence of ionic salts. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Keywords: Activated Carbons, Adsorbent, Adsorbents, Adsorption, Adsorption Capacity, Aqueous Solution, Aqueous-Solution, Batch, Batch Process, Biosorption, Capacity, Competitive, Concentration, Data, Dichloromethane, Effectiveness, Exothermic, Freundlich, Freundlich Model, Functional-Groups, Granular Activated Carbons, Ions, Ions Effect, Kinetics, Kinetics Model, Langmuir, Langmuir Model, Metal-Ions, Model, Organochlorine Compounds, pH, Physical, Point of Zero Charge, Pseudo Second Order, Pseudo Second Order Kinetics, Pseudo-Second-Order, Pseudo-Second-Order Kinetics, Removal, Rights, Salts, Solution, Thermodynamics, Volatile Organic-Compounds, Waste-Water, Wood, Work

? Dambies, L., Jaworska, A., Zakrzewska-Trznadel, G. and Sartowska, B. (2010), Comparison of acidic polymers for the removal of cobalt from water solutions by polymer assisted ultrafiltration. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 178 (1-3), 988-993.

Full Text: 2010\J Haz Mat178, 988.pdf

Abstract: In this study, three sulfonated water-soluble polymers based on poly(vinyl alcohol) of different molecular weights (10,000, 50,000 and 100,000 Da) were prepared and tested against commercially available poly(acrylic acid) for the removal of cobalt using polymer assisted ultrafiltration. High rejection rates were obtained between pH 3 and 6 with sulfonated poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA 10,000 and 50,000 Da) whereas poly(acrylic acid) (PM) of similar molecular weights performed rather poorly in this pH range. Sulfonation improved significantly sorption capability of PVA. Sulfonated PVA 10,000 was the best complexing agent with rejection rate above 95% between pH 3 and 6. For unmodified PVA the rejection rate was only 30-45% at pH 6 and there was no rejection at pH 3 at all. PAA rejection rate was above 90% at pH 6 and only about 10% at pH 3. Large scale experiment in cross-flow, continuous apparatus conducted by using PVA-SO3H 10,000 Da to remove Co-60 radioisotope from water solutions showed excellent results demonstrating the potential of this polymer to purify acidic radioactive wastes containing cobalt radioisotopes. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Keywords: Aqueous-Solutions, Cobalt, Complexation, Enhanced Ultrafiltration, Metal Ion Interactions, Optimization, pH, Poly(Acrylic Acid), Poly(Vinyl Alcohol), Poly(Vinyl Alcohol), Polyelectrolyte, Polymer Assisted Ultrafiltration, Polymers, Radioactive Wastes, Removal, Retention LPR Technique, Separation, Soluble Polymers, Sorption, Sulfonation, Water

? Bakircioglu, Y., Bakircioglu, D. and Akman, S. (2010), Biosorption of lead by filamentous fungal biomass-loaded TiO₂ nanoparticles. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 178 (1-3), 1015-1020.

Full Text: 2010\J Haz Mat178, 1015.pdf

Abstract: In this study filamentous fungal biomass-loaded TiO2 nanoparticles were used for the biosorption of Lead(II) ions by flow-injection system coupled to flame atomic absorption spectrometry. The effects of pH, sample volume, loading and elution flow rates, eluent type and volume on the recovery of lead were investigated. Lead ions were sorbed on a biosorbent minicolumn at pH 4.0 followed by an elution step using 288 mu L of 1.0 mol/L hydrochloric acid solution. The limit of detection was 0.78 mu g/L. The validation of the described procedure was performed by the analysis of certified reference material (NRC-CNRC NASS-5 seawater). Finally, the presented biosorption procedure was applied to the determination of lead in tap water and seawater samples. Crown Copyright (C) 2010 Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Keywords: Amberlite XAD-4, Analysis, Atomic Absorption Spectrometry, Atomic-Absorption-Spectrometry, Biosorption, Emission-Spectrometry, Filamentous Fungi, Flow Injection, Heavy-Metals, Lead, Metal-Ions, Nanoparticles, Online Preconcentration, pH, Silica-Gel, Solid-Phase Extraction, System, TiO₂, Titanium Dioxide, Trace-Elements, Water, Water Samples

? Liu, J.S., Ma, Y., Xu, T.W. and Shao, G.Q. (2010), Preparation of zwitterionic hybrid polymer and its application for the removal of heavy metal ions from water. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 178 (1-3), 1021-1029.

Full Text: 2010\J Haz Mat178, 1021.pdf

Abstract: A series of zwitterionic hybrid polymers were prepared from the ring-opening polymerization of pyromellitic acid dianhydride (PMDA) and phenylaminomethyl trimethoxysilane (PAMTMS), and a subsequent sol-gel process. FTIR spectra confirmed the step products. TGA analysis showed that the thermal degradation temperature increased with an increase in PMDA content. As a typical example, sample B was used to separate Cu(2+) and Pb(2+) removal by adsorption. It was indicated that its adsorption for Cu(2+). and Pb(2+) followed Lagergren second-order kinetic model and Langmuir isotherm model, demonstrating that the adsorption process might be Langmuir monolayer adsorption. Meanwhile, it was found that the adsorption capacity of Pb(2+) on sample B is beyond 12 times higher than that of Cu(2+) in 0.1 mol dm(-3) aqueous solution, revealing that it has larger affinity for Pb(2+). The desorption efficiency of Cu(2+) and Pb(2+) in 1 mol dm(-3) HNO(3) solution reached up to 96 and 89%, respectively; indicating that they can be regenerated and recycled in industry. These findings suggest that they are promising adsorbents for the selective removal of Pb(2+) from Pb(2+)/Cu(2+) mixed aqueous solution, and can be applied to separate and recover the heavy metal ions from contaminated water and waste chemicals. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Keywords: Adsorption, Adsorption, Analysis, Aqueous-Solution, Capacity, Chemicals, Copolymers, Desorption, Films, Ftir, Heavy Metal, Heavy Metal Ions, Industry, Ions, Isotherm, Kinetic, Kinetic Model, Langmuir Isotherm, Membranes, Metal, Metal Ions, Model, Preparation, Pyromellitic Acid Dianhydride (PMDA), Removal, Silica-Gel, TGA, Water Pollution, Zwitterionic Hybrid Polymers

? Zhang, Y., Li, Y.F., Yang, L.Q., Ma, X.J., Wang, L.Y. and Ye, Z.F. (2010), Characterization and adsorption mechanism of Zn²⁺ removal by PVA/EDTA resin in polluted water. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 178 (1-3), 1046-1054.

Full Text: 2010\J Haz Mat178, 1046.pdf

Abstract: Batch adsorption experiments were conducted using a PVA/EDTA resin as an adsorbent to adsorb Zn(II) ions from single component system in which experimental parameters were studied including solution pH, contact time, adsorbent dose and initial metal ions concentration. The equilibrium isotherms were determined at pH 6 under constant ionic strength and at different temperatures. The results showed that the maximum removal of Zn(II) (99.8%) with 1 g L^-1 of sorbent was observed at 40 mg L^-1 at an initial pH value of 6. Removals of about 60-70% occurred in 15 min, and equilibrium was attained at around 30 min. The equilibrium data for the adsorption of Zn(II) on PVA/EDTA resin was tested with various adsorption isotherm models among which three models were found to be suitable for the Zn(II) adsorption. In addition, the kinetic adsorption fitted well to the pseudo-second-order model and the corresponding rate constants were obtained. Thermodynamic aspects of the adsorption process were also investigated. Furthermore a higher desorption efficiency of Zn(II) from the PVA/EDTA resin using acid treatment was available by more than 95%. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Keywords: Acid Treatment, Acid-Treatment, Activated Carbon, Adsorbent, Adsorbent Dose, Adsorption, Adsorption Isotherm, Adsorption Isotherm Models, Adsorption Mechanism, Aqueous-Solutions, Batch Adsorption, Characterization, Concentration, Data, Desorption, Efficiency, Equilibrium, Equilibrium Isotherms, Exchange-Resins, Experimental, Experiments, Fly-Ash, Heavy-Metal Ions, Ionic Strength, Ions, Isotherm, Isotherms, Kinetic, Kinetic Adsorption, L1, Mechanism, Metal, Metal Ions, Model, Models, pH, pH Value, Polluted Water, Pseudo Second Order, Pseudo-Second-Order, Pseudo-Second-Order Model, PVA, EDTA Resin, Rate Constants, Removal, Resin, Rights, Selective Removal, Solution, Sorbent, Sorption Isotherms, Strength, Thermodynamic, Thermodynamic Aspects, Treatment, Value, Waste-Water, Water, Zinc Removal, Zn(II), Zn(II) Adsorption, Zn(II) Ions, Zn²⁺

? Wang, T., Zhu, J.X., Zhu, R.L., Ge, F., Yuan, P. and He, H.P. (2010), Enhancing the sorption capacity of CTMA-bentonite by simultaneous intercalation of cationic polyacrylamide. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 178 (1-3), 1078-1084.

Full Text: 2010\J Haz Mat178, 1078.pdf

Abstract: The saturated level of cationic exchange capacity (CEC) of bentonite by organic cations can significantly influence the sorption capacity of the resulting organobentonites. In this work cationic polyacrylamide (CPAM) was applied to saturate part of the CEC of the cetyltrimethylammonium (CTMA) modified bentonite, with the aim to enhance their sorption capacity. XRD was applied to investigate the basal spacings of the organobentonites with and without CPAM, and the sorption characteristics of the organobentonites towards phenol and nitrobenzene to CTMA-bentonite was also studied. The XRD characterization results showed that the resulting organobentonites (C/P-Bt) had larger basal spacings than the CTMA modified bentonite (C-Bt), which indicated that both CPAM and CTMA could intercalate into the interlayer spaces of C/P-Bt. The saturated CEC of C/P-Bt increased with the intercalated amounts of CPAM. The sorption coefficients (K-d) of phenol and nitrobenzene on C/P-Bt were shown to first increase with the saturated CEC until the maximum, and then began to decrease as the saturated CEC further increased. The maximum increase of Kd reached 41% and 23% for phenol and nitrobenzene, respectively, which could be ascribed to the enhanced affinity of the adsorbed CTMA aggregates towards the sorbates. Results of this work showed that the simultaneous intercalation of CPAM could be a novel method to enhance the sorption capacity of the traditional organobentonites. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Keywords: Adsorption, Cationic Polymer, Cationic Surfactant, Charge, Clay, Microstructure, Montmorillonite, Organic Contaminants, Organobentonites, Organoclays, Phenol, Sorption, Surfactant Packing Density, Wastewater Treatment, Water, XRD

? Zhang, Y.S., Liu, W.G., Xu, M., Zheng, F. and Zhao, M.J. (2010), Study of the mechanisms of Cu2+ biosorption by ethanol/caustic-pretreated baker’s yeast biomass. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 178 (1-3), 1085-1093.

Full Text: 2010\J Haz Mat178, 1085.pdf

Abstract: Baker’s yeast biomass was pretreated by ethanol and caustic soda, and then the pristine baker’s yeast, ethanol pretreated baker’s yeast (ethanol-baker’s yeast) and caustic soda pretreated baker’s yeast (caustic-baker’s yeast) were utilized as biosorbents to adsorb Cu2+ in aqueous solution. The influence of different parameters on Cu2+ uptake by the three biomasses, such as initial Cu2+ concentration, initial pH of solution, contact time and temperature, was studied. The mechanism of Cu2+ binding by biomass was investigated by a number of techniques. Evidence from potentiometric titration revealed that the concentration of carboxyl and amino groups is higher on the caustic and ethanol-baker’s yeast compared to the pristine baker’s yeast and FTIR spectra confirmed carboxyl, and amino groups on the surface of baker’s yeast could be available for characteristic coordination bonding with Cu2+. In addition, SEM and Zeta potential of the three samples show that caustic and ethanol-pretreatment resulted in the change of baker’s yeast surface structure and charge which is relative to adsorption. These results demonstrate that the increase of biosorption capacity for Cu2+ by ethanol and caustic-baker’s yeast was attributed to the increase and exposure of carboxyl and amino groups on the surface of biomass sample. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Keywords: Adsorption, Aqueous-Solutions, Biomass, Biosorption, Contact Time, Copper(II), Cu(II), Elution, FTIR, Ions, Organic Functional Group, Particles, Pb²⁺, pH, Potentiometric Titration, Pretreatment, Removal, Saccharomyces-Cerevisiae, Sem, Titration, Waste Brewery Biomass, Zeta Potential

? Wang, J., Peng, X.J., Luan, Z. and Zhao, C.W. (2010), Regeneration of carbon nanotubes exhausted with dye reactive red 3BS using microwave irradiation. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 178 (1-3), 1125-1127.

Full Text: 2010\J Haz Mat178, 1125.pdf

Abstract: Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) exhausted with dye reactive red 3BS were regenerated by microwave irradiation under N-2 atmosphere. High regeneration efficiency was achieved and the regeneration efficiency reached 92.8% after four cycles regeneration. The decrease in adsorption capacity was suggested to be due to the deposition of decomposition residues in CNT pores, which blocked the carbon porosity and decreased the specific surface area. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Keywords: Adsorption, Adsorption Capacity, Carbon, Carbon Nanotubes, CNTS, Dye, Granular Activated Carbon, Microwave Irradiation, Regeneration, Thermal Regeneration, Water

? Liu, H.W., Dong, Y.H., Liu, Y. and Wang, H.Y. (2010), Screening of novel low-cost adsorbents from agricultural residues to remove ammonia nitrogen from aqueous solution. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 178 (1-3), 1132-1136.

Full Text: 2010\J Haz Mat178, 1132.pdf

Abstract: Most studies on ammonia adsorption from aqueous solution have been focused on mineral materials. However, a series of batch experiments were performed in this study to screen novel adsorbent materials from 80 agricultural residues, and to investigate the adsorption characteristics of six screened samples. The results showed that the ammonia adsorption efficiencies of 11 agricultural residues were comparable to those of minerals. The equilibrium data fitted well with both the Langmuir and Freundlich models, and the theoretical maximum monolayer adsorption capacities of strawberry leaves and stems. Boston ivy leaves and stems, southern magnolia leaves and poplar leaves were 6.71, 4.62, 6.07, 5.01, 6.22 and 6.25 mg/g, respectively at 30 degrees C. The adsorptions reached equilibrium at about 18 h, and the kinetics were well described by the Logistic model. In conclusion, these agricultural residues could be used as adsorbent materials for ammonia removal. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Keywords: Adsorbent, Adsorbents, Adsorption, Adsorption, Adsorption Capacities, Agricultural, Ammonia, Ammonia Nitrogen, Ammonia Removal, Ammonium Ion, Aqueous Solution, Batch, Batch Experiments, Biosorbent, Characteristics, Clinoptilolite, Copper, Data, Equilibrium, Exchange, Experiments, Freundlich, Ion, Isotherms, Kinetics, Langmuir, Low Cost, Low Cost Adsorbents, Low-Cost Adsorbents, Minerals, Model, Models, Monolayer, Nitrogen, Phosphate, Plant Material, Removal, Rights, Screening, Solution, Zeolite

? Shi, L.S., Li, N., Wang, C.C. and Wang, C.H. (2010), Catalytic oxidation and spectroscopic analysis of simulated wastewater containing o-chlorophenol by using chlorine dioxide as oxidant. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 178 (1-3), 1137-1140.

Full Text: 2010\J Haz Mat178, 1137.pdf

Abstract: The activated carbon-MnO2 catalyst has been prepared by the dipping-calcination method with activated carbon used as a carrier. The catalyst is used for catalyzing/degrading simulated o-chlorophenol wastewater with chlorine dioxide as oxidant. The COD removal efficiency by catalytic oxidation is 93.5% at the condition of wastewater’s COD is 2085 mg/l, the pH value is 1.2, the dosage of chlorine dioxide is 1000 mg/l, the dosage of activated carbon-MnO2 catalyst is 6 g by reacting 60 min. The COD removal efficiency by catalytic oxidation is great than that of chemical oxidation. The catalytic activity of the catalyst only decreased a small amount in terms of COD removal efficiency after using 11 times. The COD removal efficiency is 80-90% during the continuity wastewater treatment experiment, which indicates that the wastewater treatment process is practical. The FTIR spectra indicate that the active ingredient of manganese dioxide is linked with activated carbon by chemical bond, not merely mechanical blending. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Keywords: Activated Carbon, Adsorption, Analysis, Catalytic Oxidation, Chlorine Dioxide, COD, COD Removal, FTIR, Infrared Spectrum, O-Chlorophenol, Oxidation, pH, Phenol Removal, Reactors, Removal, Treatment, Wastewater, Wastewater Treatment

? Huang, X., Liao, X.P. and Shi, B. (2010), Adsorption removal of phosphate in industrial wastewater by using metal-loaded skin split waste (vol 166, pg 1261, 2009). Journal of Hazardous Materials,