Plasmonics

NANOPLASMONICS

From Fundamentals to Applications
Proceedings of the 2^nd International Nanophotonics Symposium Handai
July 26-28^th 2004, Suita Campus of Osaka University, Osaka, Japan


Edited by
Satoshi Kawata and Hiroshi Masuhara

Department of Applied Physics

Osaka University

Suita, Osaka Japan

Dedicated to the late professor Osamu Nakamura


Osamu Nakamura
Professor of Applied Physics and Frontier Biosciences, March 23, 1962 to January 23, 2004, who has ever loved the optical science and microscopy. Osamu Nakamura made a great contribution to computed-tomography microscopy, confocal laser microscopy, super-resolved nano-imaging theory, near-infrared bio-medical spectroscopy, and many other related nano-scale photon science and technologies. He has served the international community by organizing international conferences, inviting international scientists and students to Osaka, and fostering international research collaborations. He published a number of papers in nanophotonics and biophotonics, for imaging analysis, diagnosis, and fabrication. Professor Nakamura visited the conference site of the Handai Nanophotonics Symposium II in July 2004 in his wheel chair and exchanged friendship with his old friends. In his funeral, hundreds of his friends and students came to farewell him. We all miss him, and wish he will guide us.


Preface
The second volume of the Handai Nanophotonics Book Series features "Nanoplasmonics," a recent hot topic in nanophotonics, impacting a diverse range of research disciplines from information technology and nanotechnology to bio- and medical sciences. The interaction between photons and metal nanostructures leads to interesting and extraordinary scientific phenomena and produces new functions for nano materials and devices. Newly discovered physical phenomena include local mode of surface plasmon polariton excited in nanoparticles, hot spots on nano-rods and nano-cones, long range mode of surface plasmons excited on thin metal films, and dispersion relationship bandgaps of surface plasmons in periodic metal structures. These have been applied to, for example, single molecule detection and nano-imaging/spectroscopy, photon accumulation for lasing applications, optical nano-waveguides and nano-circuits.
In July 2004, we had a two-day symposium with distinct scientists to discuss the latest progress in this exciting field. The second volume was co-authored by those participants. The book starts with a statement by John Pendry, the pioneer of nanoplasmonics. The first part, the theory of nanoplasmonics, includes four chapters written by Shalaev, Martín-Morenoa, Fukui, and Takahara. The second part, plasmonic enhanced spectroscopy and molecular dynamics, is written by Watanabe, Futamata, Hayashi, Ishida, Kajikawa, Ozaki, and Asahi. In part 3, recent progress of plasmonic materials and devices are reviewed by Okamoto, Pileni, Yamada, Yoshikawa, Sun, and Ishihara. In addition, we had quite a few participants sharing the common interest in exciting nanophotonics science, although they were not able to contribute to this book.
We would like to thank all the contributors and participants to the Handai Nanophotonics Book Series and Handai Nanophotonics Symposium 2.
Satoshi Kawata and Hiroshi Masuhara

at Handai, Suita, Japan

Organization of

The International Nanophotonics Symposium Handai on

Plasmonics: from fundamentals to applications

Sponsored by

Nanotechnology Researchers Network Center of Japan

The Murata Science Foundation

Handai Frontier Research Center, Osaka University

Nanonet

The Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology has started Nanotechnology Support Project, the five year project, to strategically promote Japanese nanotechnology research collaborations among industry, academia, and government.

The major roles of Nanotechnology Support Project are (i) providing opportunities to use Ultra-HV TEM, Nano Foundries, Synchrotron Radiation, and Molecular Synthesis and Analysis through Japanese top institutions attending the project, and (ii) providing information on both Japanese and International nanotechnology research activities. To perform these activities smoothly, "Nanotechnology Researchers Network Center of Japan (Nanonet) was launched in 2002.
Chairpersons

Satoshi Kawata (Department of Applied Physics, Osaka University;

Nanophotonics Lab, RIKEN)

Hiroshi Masuhara (Department of Applied Physics, Osaka University)

Local Organizing Committee

Osamu Nakamura (Department of Frontier Bioscience, Osaka University)

Takayuki Okamoto (Nanophotonics Lab, RIKEN)

Yasushi Inouye (Department of Frontier Bioscience, Osaka University)

Tsuyoshi Asahi (Department of Applied Physics, Osaka University)

Hong-Bo Sun (Department of Applied Physics, Osaka University)

Katsumasa Fujita (Department of Frontier Bioscience, Osaka University)

Satoru Shoji (Department of Applied Physics, Osaka University)

Taro Ichimura (Department of Applied Physics, Osaka University)


Introductory Remarks to the Handai Proceedings
Since the beginning of recorded history light has been both a subject of natural　curiosity and a tool for investigation of other phenomena. So closely is light linked to our understanding of the world that "I see" can mean the same as "I understand". Light brought the first information about the distant objects of our universe, and light revealed the first secrets of the microscopic world.
Yet in recent times, despite its continuing importance in our lives, there are signs that light is losing its grip on the frontiers of technology. To 'see' the very small we turn to the electron microscope, or the scanning tunneling microscope. These tools are commonly deployed in the world of nanotechnology which is the focus of huge research investment and, through the semiconductor chip, has already revolutionised our lives. The photon with its scarcely sub-micron wavelength is a clumsy and myopic beast in this new world where the electron easily outclasses it in compactness. Electronics has very much led the field in the world of nanotechnology all the way from integrated circuits to quantum dots. Yet the photon's ability to move around so rapidly with minimal disruption of the medium is still prized: there is still work to be done by this ancient tool.
Here plasmonics steps into the limelight. A synthesis between light and the collective motion of electrons, the plasmon can move almost as quickly as light, but can also be gathered into incredibly small dimensions to challenge the electron itself in compactness. It naturally inhabits the world of nanotechnology. In this book we have articles by the leaders in this new field. As yet the commercial applications are relatively modest, but the promise is huge and the rich variety of topics represented shows just how much potential is waiting to be unlocked by our researchers.
J. B. Pendry

Imperial College London

July 2005

Participants List
Susumu Aruga SEIKO EPSON Corporation

Takahiro Asada Department of Mechanical Science and Bioengineering, School of Engineering Science, Osaka University

Tsuyoshi Asahi Department of Applied Physics, Osaka University

Harry Atwater Thomas J. Watson Laboratory of Applied Physics, California Institute of Technology

Kuo Pin Chiu Department of Physics, National Taiwan University

Tai Chi Chu Department of Physics, National Taiwan University

Xuan-Ming Duan Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry (TIPC), Chinese Academy of Science (CAS)

Jing Feng Nanophotonics Laboratory, RIKEN

Ulrich Fischer U.C. Fischer Physics Institute, University of Müenster

Yuan Hsing Fu Department of Physics, National Taiwan University

Ayako Fujii Department of Human and Environmental Science, Kyoto Prefecture University

Akiko Fujita Department of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University

Katsumasa Fujita Department of Applied Physics, Osaka University

Masuo Fukui Department of Optical Science and Technology, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Tokushima

Masayuki Futamata Nanoarchitectonics Research Center (NARC), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST)

Kazuyoshi Hakamata FDK Corporation

Keisaku Hamada Department of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University

Tomoya Harada FDK Corporation

Kazuhiro Hashimoto Department of Chemistry, School of Science and Technology, Kwansei-Gakuin University

Mamoru Hashimoto Department of Mechanical Science and Bioengineering, School of Engineering Science, Osaka University

Shinji Hayashi Department of Electrical and Engineering, Kobe University

Norihiko Hayazawa Nanophotonics Laboratory, RIKEN

Taro Ichimura Department of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University

Takashi Ihama Department of Applied Physics, Osaka University

Ryoichi Imanaka Handai FRC, Osaka University

Akio Inoshita Techno Search

Yasushi Inouye Department of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University

Akito Ishida Department of Human and Environmental Science, Kyoto Prefecture University

Teruya Ishihara Exciton Engineering Laboratory, Frontier Research System, RIKEN

Hidekazu Ishitobi Handai FRC, Osaka University

Syoji Ito Division of Frontier Materials Science, Osaka University

Masayuki Ito AISIN COSMOS R&D Corporation

Tamitake Itoh Department of Chemistry, School of Science and Technology, Kwansei-Gakuin University

Takashi Iwamoto Shimadzu Corporation

Shigeki Iwanaga Department of Applied Physics, Osaka University

Yuqiang Jiang State Key Laboratory of Quantum Optics and Quantum Optics Devices, College of Physics and Electronic Engineering, Shanxi University

Takamasa Kai Department of Applied Physics, Osaka University

Kotaro Kajikawa Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology

Koshiro Kaneko Department of Applied Physics, Osaka University

Yosuke Kanki Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kobe University

Jun-ichi Kato Nanophotonics Laboratory, RIKEN

Kazuya Kawahara Department of Applied Physics, Osaka University

Kosuke Kawahara NEC Machinery Corporation

Satoshi Kawata Department of Applied Physics, Osaka University

Ryoichi Kitahara Department of Applied Physics, Osaka University

Minoru Kobayashi Department of Applied Physics, Osaka University

Maximilian Kreiter Max-Planck-Institut fur Polymerforschung

Aaron Lewis Department of Applied Physics and The Center for Neural Computation, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem

Xiangang Luo Exciton Engineering Laboratory, Frontier Research System, RIKEN

Hiroshi Masuhara Department of Applied Physics, Osaka University

Ryota Matsui Department of Applied Physics, Osaka University

Luis Martin Moreno Departamento de Fisica de la Materia Condensada, ICMA-CSIC, University of Zaragoza

Yuji Morimoto Department of Medical Engineering, National Defense Medical College

Yu Nabetani Department of Applied Physics, Osaka University

Osamu Nakamura Department of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University

Toshihiro Nakamura Department of Electrical and Engineering, Kobe University

Sana Nakanishi Department of Applied Physics, Osaka University

Takashi Nakano National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST)

Yasuro Niidome Department of Applied Chemistry, Kyushu University

Kimihiko Nishioka Olympus Corporation

Hiroshi Noge Matsushita Electric Works, Limited

Wataru Nomura Department of Electronics Engineering, The University of Tokyo

Toshihiko Ochi Enplas Laboratories, Inc.

Isamu Oh Department of Applied Physics, Osaka University

Keishi Ohashi NEC Corporation

Takayuki Okamoto Nanophotonics Laboratory, RIKEN

Kaoru Okamoto Canon Inc.

Kazunori Okihira Department of Electrical and Engineering, Kobe University

Masatoshi Osawa Catalysis Research Center, Hokkaido University

Taisuke Ota Department of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University

Oskar Painter Thomas J. Watson, Sr. Laboratory of Applied Physics, California Institute of Technology

John Pendry The Blackett Lab., Imperial College London

Marie-Paule Pileni Faculty of Science, University P & M Curie

Yuika Saito Nanophotonics Laboratory, RIKEN

Suguru Sangu Ricoh Company, Limited

Akihiro Sato Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology

Vladimir M. Shalaev School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University

Akiyoshi Shibuya Zeon Corporation

Ayako Shinjo Department of Human and Environmental Science, Kyoto Prefecture University

Koichiro Shirota Nanophotonics Laboratory, RIKEN

Satoru Shoji Department of Applied Physics, Osaka University

Michel Sliwa Department of Applied Physics, Osaka University

Nicholas Smith Department of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University

Takayoshi Suganuma Enplas Laboratories Inc.

Teruki Sugiyama Department of Applied Physics & Handai FRC, Osaka University

Yung Doug Suh Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology

Fumika Sumiyama Department of Information and Physical Sciences, Osaka University

Hong-Bo Sun Department of Applied Physics, Osaka University

Qian Sun College of Physics, Nankai University

Toru Suwa Department of Applied Physics, Osaka University

Takuji Tada Department of Applied Physics, Osaka University

Atsushi Taguchi Department of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University

Kenji Takada Department of Applied Physics, Osaka University

Junichi Takahara Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University

Kenji Takubo Shimadzu Corporation

Mamoru Tanabe Department of Applied Physics, Osaka University

Kazuo Tanaka Department of Electronics and Computer Engineering, Gifu University

Hiroaki Tanaka Murata Mfg Company Limited.

Yoshito Tanaka Department of Applied Physics, Osaka University

Nao Terasaki Photonics Research Institute, AIST

Ryo Toyota Department of Applied Physics, Osaka University

Din Ping Tsai Department of Physics, National Taiwan University

Tomoya Uchiyama Department of Applied Physics, Osaka University

Yasuo Ueda Sumitomo Titanium Corporation

Arvind Vengurlekar Frontier Research System, RIKEN

Prabhat Verma Department of Applied Physics, Osaka University

Hiroyuki Watanabe Department of Applied Physics, Osaka University

Tadaaki Yabubayashi Sumitomo Precision Products Company Limited

Sunao Yamada Department of Applied Chemistry, Kyushu University

Yoshimichi Yamada Department of Applied Physics, Osaka University

Kazuo Yamamoto Department of Applied Physics, Osaka University

Peilin Perry Yang Department of Physics, National Taiwan University

Takaaki Yano Department of Applied Physics, Osaka University

Ryohei Yasukuni Department of Applied Physics, Osaka University

Hiroyuki Yoshikawa Department of Applied Physics, Osaka University

Yasuo Yoshikawa Department of Chemistry, School of Science and Technology, Kwansei-Gakuin University

Masayuki Yuki International Reagents Corporation

Kenichi Yuyama Department of Applied Physics, Osaka University

Remo P. Zaccaria Department of Applied Physics, Osaka University

July 26-28^th, 2004

Icho-Kaikan in Suita Campus, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan

TABLE OF COTENTS
Preface vi

Organization of the Symposium vii

Introductory Remarks to the Handai Proceedings viii

Participants List ix

Group Photograph of the Symposium xiii
PART I: THEORY OF NANOPLASMONICS
Chapter 1: Magnetic plasmon resonance

A. K. Sarychev, G. Shvets, and V. M. Shalaev 3

Chapter 2: Theory of optical transmission through arrays of subwavelength

apertures

L. Martín Moreno, J. Bravo-Abad, F. López-Tejeira

and F.J. García-Vidal 15

Chapter 3: Linear and nonlinear optical response of concentric metallic

nanoshells

M. Fukui, T. Okamoto and M. Haraguchi 31
Chapter 4: Low-dimensional optical waveguides and wavenumber surface

J. Takahara and T. Kobayashi 55

PART II : PLASMON ENHANCED SPECTROSCOPY AND MOLECULAR DYNAMICS
Chapter 5: Specific Raman band shift caused by mechano-chemical effect

in enhanced near-field Raman Spectroscopy

H. Watanabe, N. Hayazawa, Y. Inouye, and S. Kawata 81
Chapter 6: Single molecule sensitivity in surface enhanced Raman scattering

using surface plasmon

M. Futamata and Y. Maruyama 101
Chapter 7: Enhanced Raman scattering mediated by metallic surface-particle

gap modes

S. Hayashi 141
Chapter 8: Surface plasmon enhanced excitation of photofunctional molecules

in nanospace towards molecular plasmonics

A. Fujii and A. Ishida 153
Chapter 9: Localized surface plasmon resonance enhanced second-harmonic

generation

K. Kajikawa, S. Abe, Y. Sotokawa, and K. Tsuboi 185
Chapter 10: Localized surface plasmon resonance–coupled photo-induced

luminescence and surface enhanced Raman scattering from isolated

single Ag nano-aggregates

T. Itoh, K. Hashimoto, Y. Kikkawa, A. Ikehara, and Y. Ozaki

197
Chapter 11: Single particle spectroscopic study on surface plasmon resonance

of ion-adsorbed gold nanoparticles

T. Asahi and H. Masuhara 219
PART III: MATERIALS AND DEVICES FOR NANOPLASMONICS
Chapter 12: Enhancement of luminescence in plasmonic crystal devices

T. Okamoto, F. H’Dhili, J. Feng, J. Simonen, and S. Kawata

231

Chapter 13: Intrinsic properties due to self-organization of 5nm silver

nanocrystals

M. P. Pileni 247

Chapter 14 : Gold nanorods: preparation, characterization, and applications to

sensing and photonics

S. Yamada and Y. Niidome 255
Chapter 15: Optical trapping and assembling of nanoparticles

H. Yoshikawa, C. Hosokawa, and H. Masuhara 275

Chapter 16: Femtosecond laser fabrication of three-dimensional metallic

micro-nanostructures

H.-B. Sun, K. Kaneko, X.-M. Duan, and S. Kawata 289
Chapter 17: Nanophotolithography based on surface plasmon interference

T. Ishihara and X. Luo 305

Author index 313

Subject index 315