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- Bu səhifədəki naviqasiya:
- Map of NE Africa/SW Asia Teacher Materials
- National Geography Standards: Standard 11
- Modes of Spatial/Temporal Thinking: Region
- Lesson Procedure
- Create the timeline.
- Timeline Notes for the Aksum Civilization
- Interesting Facts About Ethiopia’s History and Current Affairs
- Interesting Facts About Eritrea’s History and Current Affairs
- Student Worksheet
- Student Worksheet Mapping Activity
- Rise and Expansion of Aksum
| Michigan Geographic Alliance Aksum: No Questions 2007
Aksum: No Questions Authors: Cindy Bloom (cindyLNB@aol.com) Kim Adams (candkadams@aol.com)
and fall of an ancient African empire and explain factors contributing to these. Essential Questions:
What is the difference between a kingdom, civilization, and empire?
fall of a civilization? Objectives: Students will:
Describe the components of a kingdom, civilization, and empire
contribute to the fall of a kingdom/civilization/empire
Map the rise and fall of Aksum Subject/Grade Level: World History/Geography, 6-12
Student worksheets (timeline activity mapping activity), student atlases
notes
References:
CIA Factbook, www.historyteacher.net , archeology.about.com/od/ethiopia/Et hiopian_Culture_History_and_Arche ology.htm
Michigan High School Content Expectations World History and Geography 4.3.1 - Africa to 1500 - Describe the diverse characteristics of early African societies and the significant changes in African society by comparing and contrasting at least two of the major state/civilizations of East, South, and West Africa in terms of environmental economic, religious, political, and social structures.
economic interdependence on Earth’s surface
Explain the connections between maritime trade and the power of the Kingdom of Aksum in Northeast Africa.
to each other and have similar conditions and connections.
times, describe changes in the extent of something and predict possible future spread or shrinkage Michigan Geographic Alliance Aksum: No Questions 2007
1.
Warm-up – What do you know about Ethiopia, Eritrea, and Djibouti? (Use Teacher Background to discuss this area in Africa) 2.
a.
b.
of food; establishes towns or cities with some form of government; division of labor.
c.
many other peoples and their territory 3.
Guided Practice: Hand out the timeline activity. Have students: a.
Read the events silently and number them in chronological order. b.
Reread events and circle key verbs in each. c.
Hold a class discussion of the events, noting how they relate to the definition of a civilization 4.
complete the activity and check together. 5.
Mapping Activity: Hand out student atlases and have students find the location of historical Aksum. Describe current geographic features of the area (landforms, bodies of water, climate, vegetation, natural resources) a.
What might Aksum have been able to trade? (Using teacher background; if possible provide students with actual Aksum trade materials.) b.
arrow) c.
Have students complete the mapping activity and questions 6.
Concluding Discussion: a.
Discuss/correct the map and questions b.
Discuss some of the factors that allowed Aksum to grow. (see teacher background) c.
Assessment of Activity:
Completion of timeline
Paragraph – compare rise and fall of Aksum to other civilizations/empires
Paragraph – what aspects of the decline of Aksum might be influencing this region of the world today?
Fill dates in on timeline for students – students fill in events
Direct instruction for timeline and map activity
Label locations on map for students Michigan Geographic Alliance Aksum: No Questions 2007
has the ivory trade changed?
Follow the history of Christian Ethiopia from the fall of Aksum to present. What has happened to this group?
system?
Compare the Aksum civilization to other civilizations of the time, for example, the Maya. Why did the Aksum civilization fade away relatively quickly while the Mayans continued to influence Central America until C.E. 1500’s?
Research the Aksum using the primary document, Inscription of Ezana, King of Aksum, circa 325 C.E. Compare Aksum’s relationship with its trading partners to that of the Mayan.
Michigan Geographic Alliance Aksum: No Questions 2007
Location – Blue Nile, Red Sea for trade
Forests – for charcoal used in metal work
Fertile soil – agriculture
Trade Goods – ivory, skins, metal work, emeralds, grains, slaves
Currency – first African currency outside of Roman sphere
Some factors in the decline of Aksum:
Movement of Persian Empire into the Arabian Peninsula
The expansion of Islam
Deforestation
Soil degradation Movement of trade routes from Red Sea to Persian Gulf and east
Timeline Notes for the Aksum Civilization
c. 4 th cnt. B.C.E-1 st c. B.C.E. possible beginnings of Aksum and the Region c. 1 st cnt. BCE- the City of Aksum is established c. mid 1 st cnt. B.C.E.- the Ruler Zos(c)kales is established as King c. 3 rd cnt. C.E. -Aksum begins interfering in South Arabian affairs c. late 3 rd cnt.(270-610) C.E.-Aksum begins minting their own currency c. 325-328 C.E.-By order of King Ezana, Aksum coverts to Christianity c. 320-330 C.E.-Aksum begins using the symbol of the “Cross” on their
coinage c. 350 C.E- Aksum conquures the Kingdom of Kush. c. late 4 th cnt. C.E.- Aksum controlled land in what is present day Northern
Ethiopia, Eritrea, Northern Sudan, Southern Egypt, Djibouti,
Western Somaliland, Yemen, and Saudi Arabia totaling around
1.25 million km2 c. 5
th -6 th cnt. C.E.- Aksum is believed to be a quasi-ally of Byzantium against
the Persian Empire—also beginning of their 2 nd Golden Age c. 6 th cnt. C.E.- Due to economic isolation and the increase and spread of Islam,
the Kingdom of Aksum begins to decline c. early 7 th cnt. C.E.- Aksum ceases production of coins c. 950 C.E.- Aksum dissolves with an invasion from the south of pagan or
Jewish peoples, possibly the Jewish Queen Gudit c. 10 th
c. 11 th -12 th cnt. C.E.- Aksum civilization is replaced by the Zagwe Dynasty
Michigan Geographic Alliance Aksum: No Questions 2007
Unique among African countries, the ancient Ethiopian monarchy maintained its freedom from colonial rule with the exception of the 1936-41 Italian occupation during World War II. In 1974, a military junta, the Derg, deposed Emperor Haile SELASSIE (who had ruled since 1930) and established a socialist state. Torn by bloody coups, uprisings, wide-scale drought, and massive refugee problems, the regime was finally toppled in 1991 by a coalition of rebel forces, the Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front (EPRDF). A constitution was adopted in 1994, and Ethiopia's first multiparty elections were held in 1995. A border war with Eritrea late in the 1990's ended with a peace treaty in December 2000. Final demarcation of the boundary is currently on hold due to Ethiopian objections to an international commission's finding requiring it to surrender territory considered sensitive to Ethiopia.
Ethiopia is a landlocked - entire coastline along the Red Sea was lost with the de jure independence of Eritrea on 24 May 1993; the Blue Nile, the chief headstream of the Nile by water volume, rises in T'ana Hayk (Lake Tana) in northwest Ethiopia; three major crops are believed to have originated in Ethiopia: coffee, grain sorghum, and castor bean
Ethiopia is the oldest independent country in Africa and one of the oldest in the world - at least 2,000 years
Ethiopia's poverty-stricken economy is based on agriculture, accounting for almost half of GDP, 60% of exports, and 80% of total employment. The agricultural sector suffers from frequent drought and poor cultivation practices. Coffee is critical to the Ethiopian economy with exports of some $350 million in 2006, but historically low prices have seen many farmers switching to qat to supplement income. The war with Eritrea in 1998-2000 and recurrent drought have buffeted the economy, in particular coffee production. In November 2001, Ethiopia qualified for debt relief from the Highly Indebted Poor Countries (HIPC) initiative, and in December 2005 the IMF voted to forgive Ethiopia's debt to the body. Under Ethiopia's land tenure system, the government owns all land and provides long-term leases to the tenants; the system continues to hamper growth in the industrial sector as entrepreneurs are unable to use land as collateral for loans. Drought struck again late in 2002, leading to a 3.3% decline in GDP in 2003. Normal weather patterns helped agricultural and GDP growth recover in 2004-06. Ethiopia is the transit hub for heroin originating in Southwest and Southeast Asia and destined for Europe, as well as cocaine destined for markets in southern Africa; cultivates qat (khat) for local use and regional export, principally to Djibouti and Somalia (legal in all three countries); the lack of a well-developed financial system limits the country's utility as a money laundering center
Religions: Christian 60.8% (Orthodox 50.6%, Protestant 10.2%), Muslim 32.8%, traditional 4.6%, other 1.8% (1994 census)
Exports: $17.65 million f.o.b. (2006 est.) Partners: Germany 15.5%, China 10.5%, Japan 8.5%, Saudi Arabia 6.9%, Djibouti 6.8%, Switzerland 6.4%, Italy 5.9%, US 5.5%, Netherlands 4.2% (2005)
Michigan Geographic Alliance Aksum: No Questions 2007
Commodities: coffee, qat, gold, leather products, live animals, oilseeds Imports: $4.105 billion f.o.b. (2006 est.) Partners: Saudi Arabia 14.7%, China 12.6%, US 12.4%, India 6.7%, Italy 4.6% (2005)
Commodities: food and live animals, petroleum and petroleum products, chemicals, machinery, motor vehicles, cereals, textiles
Interesting Facts About Eritrea’s History and Current Affairs
Background Information: Eritrea was awarded to Ethiopia in 1952 as part of a federation. Ethiopia's annexation of Eritrea as a province 10 years later sparked a 30-year struggle for independence that ended in 1991 with Eritrean rebels defeating governmental forces; independence was overwhelmingly approved in a 1993 referendum. A two-and-a-half-year border war with Ethiopia that erupted in 1998 ended under UN auspices in December 2000. Eritrea currently hosts a UN peacekeeping operation that is monitoring a 25 km-wide Temporary Security Zone on the border with Ethiopia. An international commission, organized to resolve the border dispute, posted its findings in 2002. However, both parties have been unable to reach agreement on implementing the decision. In November 2006, the international commission informed Eritrea and Ethiopia they had one year to demarcate the border or the border demarcation would be based on coordinates.
Geographic Note: strategic geopolitical position along world's busiest shipping lanes; Eritrea retained the entire coastline of Ethiopia along the Red Sea upon de jure independence from Ethiopia on 24 May 1993
Religions: Muslim, Coptic Christian, Roman Catholic, Protestant Exports: $17.65 million f.o.b. (2006 est.) Partners: Italy 31.4%, US 11.9%, Belarus 5.9%, France 5.1%, Germany 4.6%, Turkey 4.4%, UK 4% (2005)
Commodities: livestock, sorghum, textiles, food, small manufactures (2000) Imports: $701.8 million f.o.b. (2006 est.) Partners: Italy 15.1%, France 11.8%, US 9.5%, Germany 8.6%, Taiwan 7.3%, India 7%, Ireland 6.1%, Turkey 4.4%, Jordan 4.2% (2005)
Commodities: machinery, petroleum products, food, manufactured goods
Source: CIA World Fact Book (July 17, 2007) https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/et.html
Michigan Geographic Alliance Aksum: No Questions 2007
Put the following events in chronological order starting with one for the earliest to eight for the most recent. Then complete the timeline.
_____ Aksum completes conversion to Christianity, 330 C.E.
_____ King Kaleb of Aksum conquers Yemen, 525 C.E. _____ Persians force Aksum out of Arabian Peninsula, 575 C.E. _____ End of Aksum as capital city, 619 C.E. _____ Evidence of Zoskales and city of Aksum, 50 C.E.
_____ Aksum Kingdom trade with Egypt, Arabia, Rome, India, 500 C.E. _____ Coins minted in Aksum, 270 C.E.
_____ King Ezana of conquers Kingdom of Kush, 350 C.E.
I I I I I I I
25 C.E. 125 C.E. 225 C.E. 325 C.E. 425 C.E. 525 C.E. 625 C.E. Michigan Geographic Alliance Aksum: No Questions 2007
Mapping Activity
You will be mapping the rise and decline of the Aksum Kingdom. You should have the following materials to complete the activity: 1.
2.
Map of northeast Africa/southwest Asia (Aksum and Kush already labeled) 3.
Colored pencils 4.
Student atlas or book Locate and label the following on your map with a brown pencil: Ethiopia, Eritrea, Djibouti, Saudi Arabia, Yemen, Egypt, Sudan, Red Sea, Blue Nile, Nile, Gulf of Aden, Ethiopian Highlands
Use the information on your timeline to complete the rest of the map activity. Rise and Expansion of Aksum Using a red pencil, draw arrows from Aksum to areas/countries conquered by Aksum. Label the appropriate date.
Using a green pencil, draw arrows from Aksum to the areas/countries, or in the direction of the areas/countries, that traded with Aksum. Label the appropriate date.
Using a purple pencil, draw arrows back to Aksum showing the effect of Persia on Aksum trade. Label the arrow with the appropriate date.
Using a black pencil, draw an “X” over Aksum and Kush, and label the date each moved or fell. Map Thinking Questions: When you are finished with your map, complete the following questions in complete sentences.
What did Aksum gain by conquering Kush?
List ways the Aksum civilization’s location helped in their development of trade.
Looking at the map, list some possible means of transportation/trade.
How did trade affect the development of the Aksum civilization? Yüklə 78,22 Kb. Dostları ilə paylaş:
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