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İqtisadi və Siyasi Elmlər Jurnalı.
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Modern science has not only reached a certain level of maturity, but
has also summarized its specific discussions, interests, thought schools and
gained substantial scientific conclusions.
Presenting the modern economy serves to identify the conceptual
boundaries between politics and the economy, and it enables us to develop
an integrated approach to the political economy. Our conventional
government and market concepts are no longer real. The capital and the
dominant power are presented in both arenas and are quite close to each
other. We need to look at these concepts from the political point of view.
In modern times, the parallel formation and interrelation of the state and
the market build a political economy and many economic and political
issues are solved in this context.
In his speech in 1996, at the annual conference of the European
Political Economy Association, Paul Krugman organized his attitude to the
economy on these factors: Economics is about what does individuals do?
Individuals are disrespectful and self-denying. Individuals are also capable:
opportunities are not missed to save money. The $100 note cannot remain
at the street for the long run without control. We are thinking of interaction
of such individuals: the most interesting economic theories are about
"invisible hands" which start from supply and demand. [3]
In recent years, modern economic theories, concepts and models are
usually associated with the name of Nobel prize winners. Another feature
that has emerged recently in economic theories is the increase in their
empirical nature. When a practical aspect of the theory increase,
mathematics in their nature is also increasing. Many economists have
mentioned repeatedly the role of mathematics in economics. According to
their view, mathematical formalism is dominated in economics. Nobel
laureate Vasily Leontyev is one of these economists. In his opinion, many
economists-mathematicians were simply not good mathematicians, and
thus had an excellent opportunity to become an math based economists,
which field were not interesting for former economists. The question
arises: when
mathematics could be useful, when it is formalism?
Vasiliy Leontyev's answer to this question is, "It seems to me that
mathematics is just logic. The general approach - this is very important.
Mathematics allows us to think that all cyclical hesitations are explained in
sequence - this is the development. This is a real mathematical approach.
Mathematicians know it. In fact, one of the most serious problems I
encountered in my theoretical job was to avoid this sudden hesitation.
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İqtisadi və Siyasi Elmlər Jurnalı.
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These great matrices have a great meaning, and some of them create high
development. [4]
It is true, math has long been used as a tool
to solve complex economic
issues. But, according to some economists, the economy is a social science
with human factor. At the same time, human beings are complicated who
cannot explained by mathematical language, and their behaviors are
unknown beforehand. Therefore, mathematical models are not enough to
explain economic issues. The newly emerging "Behavioral Economics"
theory has contributed to the economy by identifying people's economic
behaviors psychologically.
In fact, there has been a trend in recent years in the global economy:
the emerging and interchanging crises in the financial markets, economic
crises, global demand drops, economic growth in developed countries, as
well as in countries with new economies the lack of demand, the decline in
the volume of investments have shown that classical models are not fully
up-to-date in the modern world and that there are problems with the
implementation of these models. At the same time, it is important to
emphasize the impact of human psychology and emotions in the above-
mentioned economic and financial difficulties, as research suggests that
emotions and psychology of people cause their unpredictable and irrational
behavior, which further complicates the classical models' prediction.
Since 2002, when the psychologist Daniel Kanema received a Nobel
Prize in the field of behavioral economics, behavioral economy and its new
topics began to become popular.
Economists, dealing with behavioral economics and decision-making,
look at the problem from a different point of view by examining the
concepts of classical economics.
Thus, They investigate how people make any decision in a situation
when they are not provided with full of information, have a limited
cognitive resources, and so on. and in these cases why people make
irrational decisions, how and why they do not comply with the classical
economic models.
Behavioral economics as a branch of science, is a theory formed
against the extreme use of mathematics in economics in the mid-twentieth
century. The extreme use of mathematics has put "human" behind of the
"mathematical models" who are the main actor of economics. Economists
dealing with behavioral economics are trying to bring human factor into
the forefront, investigating the impact of emotions such as motivation,
happiness, fear, and risk avoiding economic decisions.