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Sporobolus, dropseed
Cleistogamous reproduction
Leptochloa, sprangletop
Blepharoneuron tricholepis, pine dropseed
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CYNODONTEAE TRIBE
This tribe was known for a long time as the Chlorideae, but Cynodonteae is an older name and should be used,
according to the rule of priority.
The tribe generally has spicate primary branches, a single fertile floret, and reduced floret(s) above the fertile.
Bouteloua, grama grasses:
Royal Botanic Expedition to New Spain
From the 16th century on, New Spain’s nature became a territory to be explored, invented, and known to travelers arriving from the
Old World. It was like a magnet that attracted people because of the magic geography of the legends from overseas, oral and
written literature, and because of its overwhelming exotic, strange, seductive, and captivating reality. At first, this task fell on
apprentices, healers, physicians, missionaries, and evangelists.
The first of these, Francisco Hernández, king Philip II’s royal physician, arrived in Mexican territory in 1571 to learn about “the nature
of things” of the then New Spain. In those days, Western physicians had to be naturalists, usually exploring naturalists, who had to
travel extensively in order to discover the therapeutic, gastronomic, magical-religious, and industrial characteristics of the flora of the
American continent. Hernández is considered the forerunner of “scientific” naturalist travelers since several European travelers
began to explore Mexican nature after his expeditions to the New World and after he had earned fame for his work in Mexico.
For several reasons the work of the German naturalist Alexander von Humboldt is better known in our country, than the work done
by a group of scientists from Spain and Mexico’s central region. When Humboldt arrived in Veracruz in 1803, scientists of New
Spain had already studied and painted on beautiful aquarelles the sub-Continent’s nature for more than fifteen years. They had
covered the territory from Point Nutka (Vancouver, Canada) to the present border of Honduras and Nicaragua and several islands of
the Caribbean. That same year, while the German naturalist admired the beauty and diversity of the landscape, the geography, and
Mexican customs, our explorers had set sail from the port of Veracruz towards Spain to edit and publish the huge amount of
information gathered over their years of research.
THE EXPEDITION
A group of physicians, anatomists, botanists, and zoologists accompanied by artists covered over 30,000 km. of Mexican territory,
collecting and classifying flora, fauna, and minerals, as part of the scientific work of the Royal Botanical Expedition to New Spain
(1787-1803).
They also described the geography and customs of locals, and made many studies, which became
famous in Europe, especially among botanists.
The expedition was led from Mexico City by Martín de Sessé y Lacasta (from Aragón, Spain) and
included the anatomist and surgeon José Longinos Martínez, the pharmacists Jaime Senseve and
Juan del Castillo, the botanist Vicente de la Cerda and the famous painter Atanasio Echeverría. The
latter two were very young and had graduated from the first painting courses taught at San Carlos
Academy. Like today’s photographer, the painter on these research trips was in charge of depicting
nature in beautiful aquarelles, which was discovered for the scientific purposes of identification and
classification. In 1789, our first modern botanist, José Mariano Mociño (born in Temascaltepec in the
present State of Mexico) joined the expedition.
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The excursions began in 1788, with the inauguration of the Botanical Garden and the first course on botany at the then Pontifical
University of Mexico. In spite of the fact that knowledge of our country’s flora was over 200 years old (remember the garden in the
palace of Moctezuma or Chapultepec forest, where Aztecs preserved endemic flora and fauna species), it was not until the late 18
th
century that Mexico began to use Carolus Linnaeus’ modern methodology.
After the botany garden and the botany course were established, people began to collect plant specimens around Mexico City. In
June 1788, naturalists reported that San Ángel had plants that had been known and mentioned by botanists, who had traveled
through Africa, Canada, and Virginia. That same year in October, they visited nearby towns “at the far distance of eighteen leagues
from Mexico City” and in March 1789, they began a journey from Xochimilco to the port of Acapulco in Guerrero. In 1790, they sent
all sorts of natural objects (dissected animals, drawn or sketched prints, seeds, medicinal plants, minerals, insects, etc.) to be sorted
by specialists and began another journey to the Bajío region.
The naturalists were divided into three groups, who visited places in almost all the present states of our country; from Baja California
to Veracruz and south to Guatemala and the border between Honduras and Nicaragua. Although the mission had the general
intention of being a botanical expedition, its members developed other integral activities, which were typical of natural science at the
time. These included climbing erupting volcanoes, analyzing minerals for their industrial use, describing the anatomy of fish,
mammals, birds, insects, butterflies, and writing down the names and uses of plants that had therapeutic
or nutritional uses.
Exploration fever reached all corners of the planet during this time (one hundred years before Charles
Darwin). It was a time when natural resources began to be ordered and classified using Linnean
methodology (the Enlightenment’s new kind of classification) and when the interest to discover the
gastronomic, medicinal, and industrial properties of these resources spread like wildfire. Several
expeditions were organized to mark the limits of the imperial nations, to improve maritime and
commercial routes, and to identify and classify natural resources in Colombia, Peru, and Chile. During
this time, Alejandro Malaspina, a frigate captain, set off on his trip around the world to fix the limits of
Spanish territories and to define political-military strategies to contain the growing discontent and
economic and political disintegration in the colonies. When this expedition reached Mexican territory (first
in Acapulco, Guerrero and then in San Blas, Nayarit) our scientists, led by Mariano Mociño and the
painter Atanasio Echeverría, boarded the ships to help determine the limits of the Spanish crown.
The anthropological work developed by Mariano Mociño in Nutka (Noticias de Nutka) is the precursor of
a type of social anthropology, which Humboldt recommended, even fifteen years after it had been written. In his Political Essay he
said, “In spite of the accurate descriptions made by English and French navigators, it would be very interesting to publish in French
the observations which Mr. Mociño has made regarding the customs of the Indians of Nutka”. In fact, thanks to his sharp and clear
sense of scientific observation, Mariano Mociño was able to make accurate descriptions of the customs of the Nutka, including their
types of government, language, poetry, survival methods, and other relevant information.
JOURNEY TO THE SOUTH EAST
In 1894, Mociño traveled to the South East of Mexico and reached Nicaragua; however, his work became more popular in
Guatemala. During this expedition he studied the cultivation of indigo, analyzed water to determine if it was potable, observed the
effects of rabies, tried curing it with escobosa, and greatly increased botanical and zoological collections by sending samples to
Mexico City. In Ciudad Real de Chiapas, he devoted himself to healing lepers (this disease could well be what we know today as
chicleros’s ulcer), promoted the establishment of a hospital to cure them, and carried out field studies to better understand the
benefits obtained from quicksilver. In addition, he worked on several projects as a naturalist and wrote “The Flora of Guatemala”,
which to this day has remained unpublished, like most other work done in this first scientific expedition throughout our unknown
Mexico. He was also the first scientist to classify the quetzal (Pharomacrus mucinno de La Llave).
ART AND SCIENCE COME TOGETHER
In 1803, after almost 16 years of work and by direct orders of the Spanish monarch, Mariano Mociño and Martín de Sessé
embarked in Veracruz to go to Spain to edit their great work. Unfortunately, a series of unforeseen events occurred upon the
scientists’ arrival in Spain, which made it impossible to publish (as they would have wanted) their two great works: “Planta Novae
Hispanie” and “Flora Mexicana”.
The quality of the naturalists’ paintings, especially those of Atanasio Echeverría, was
acknowledged, among others, by the Swiss botanist Agustín Pyramus de Candolle. In
Paris, he had become acquainted with the work of traveling naturalists and wrote,
“One of them who was born in Mexico and is named Echeverría surpasses most
European flower paintings because of the precision of his drawings and the beauty
and rigor of the colors.”
These artists were the first to use the art of drawing for scientific purposes and
painted over two thousand prints in beautiful colors. Scientists collected over eight thousand species in New Spain; specialists
estimate that at least a thousand of these were new to science at the time. The first seeds of different plant genre, which today
embellish many European gardens (especially from the Dahlia Cosmos and Zinnia genre) came from the material sent by naturalists
to Spain.
Herbal material, dissected and described animals, paintings, notes and scientific studies (most of which were never published)
made this grand endeavor the most important and valuable scientific expedition of the 18
th
century and one of the most important of
our history.
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Doctor Rogers McVogh, a specialist from the University of North Carolina, who has studied this expedition for several decades,
stated: “If Flora Mexicana had been published as they had hoped, today it would be considered a fundamental work on Neotropical
botany, anticipating works like Nova genera et Species by Humboldt, Bonpland, and Kunth”.
“FLORA OF THE LADIES OF GENEVA”
The history of the collection of drawings, commonly known in Switzerland as “Flora of the Ladies of Geneva”, is a good example of
the civil spirit, moral quality, and scientific interest of a group of people (mainly Swiss women), who valued the artistic and scientific
quality of the most important collection of Mexican plants of the 18
th
century.
Internal revolts, Napoleon’s invasion of Spain, popular rebellions in the colonies, and monarchical decadence hindered all scientific
work at Madrid’s Botanical Garden. When Sessé died in 1808, Mariano Mociño was forced into exile and went to Montpellier,
France. There he met Agustín Pyramus de Candolle, the famous Swiss botanist, who was already familiar with the unpublished
work of scientists from New Spain. Mociño showed him about 1,400 plant drawings, most of which were new to science and animal
drawings that were, “all executed with a rare perfection.” Mociño was supported by Candolle while he survived the miserable
conditions of exile and gave his drawings to the Swiss scientist, who kept them for many years. In 1817, when the political situation
in Spain had stabilized, Mociño tried going back to Madrid in order to edit his work. He urged Candolle to return the originals, who in
turn summoned artists and enthusiasts in Geneva to copy them. Over one hundred people (beginners, enthusiasts, and artists)
gathered in Geneva’s Botanical Garden for the cause, which by then had become a national concern, and copied almost all 1,400
drawings in less than eight days.
In the first tome of the thirteen volumes that keep copies of the original drawings, the Swiss botanist
wrote, “I have a collection of about 1,300 drawings […] which fascinate me and which I cherish. I see it
not only as a precious example of the benevolence of my compatriots, but I am also happy to have been
the cause of an occurrence, which honors Geneva since it shows the popularity of the arts and the spirit
of the people who give life to our city. It is especially among ladies that I have found these talents and
zeal […] I will do whatever is necessary so that this work is constantly used in the teaching of Botany, for
the advancement of arts and drawing, and to stimulate the public spirit”.
That same year, Mociño returned to Madrid with the original drawings but never found the support which
had been promised to him to edit his work. He died abandoned and in the saddest of miseries in the city
of Barcelona in 1820. From then on, a good portion of the originals of this work were lost because of strange occurrences in certain
libraries. It was not until the late 1970’s that they were found in European and American institutions, which keep them as part of their
historic and scientific collections.
Chloris virgata, showy windmillgrass
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Buchloe dactyloides, buffalograss
Hilaria and Pleuraphis:
Ergot Poisoning
Edwin James (1797-1861): Surgeon-botanist with Stephen H. Long's expedition to the Rocky Mountains, and
first European to ascend Pike's Peak.
Cynodon dactylon, bermudagrass
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Photosensitivity
Spartina, cordgrass
Distichlis spicata, saltgrass
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PAPPOPHOREAE TRIBE
Enneapogon desvauxii, spike pappusgrass
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STUDY QUESTIONS
1. Match grasses with the following and be able to discuss the topic:
membranous ligules
hairy ligules
cleistogamous reproduction
crowds out creosote
fairy rings
nine awns
utricle fruit
salt secretion
ice cream plant
eyelash nerve
highly resistant to grazing pressure
wetland grasses
common on the short-grass prairie
world's worst weed
2. Describe the disarticulating pattern common in Eragrostis.
3. Give a brief biographical note for the following
persons:
G.H.E. Muhlenberg
John Torrey
Edwin James
4. Describe the two subgenera of Bouteloua.
5. What is the state grass of New Mexico?
6. Describe ergot poisoning.
7. Describe photosensitivity.
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ARISTIDOIDEAE SUBFAMILY
ARISTIDEAE TRIBE
1. Single floret, lemma enclosing palea and hard when mature
2. 3 awns, some with a single awn
3. Superficial similarity to Stipeae Tribe
Aristida
2. Notable species
Charles Wright (1811-1885): Prolific botanical explorer in Texas and New Mexico with Mexican Boundary
Survey, sent many specimens to Asa Gray at Harvard; Aristida purpurea var. wrightii, Bothriochloa wrightii,
Muhlenbergia wrightii, Sporobolus wrightii.
Charles Russell Orcutt (1864-1929): Resident botanist of San Diego, explored northern Baja California; story of
the thorny rose affair; Aristida schiedeana var. orcuttiana; also Orcuttia, Bromus orcuttianus, Eragrostis
orcuttianus.
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STUDY QUESTIONS
1. Describe how the awns of Aristida might function in seedling establishment.
2. Diagram a cross-section of an Aristida floret.
3. Give a brief biographical note for the following:
Charles Wright
C.R. Orcutt
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PANICOIDEAE SUBFAMILY
Grasses are the overseers of the soil. In the battle which we call agriculture, grass is the first line of defense. Of all
things the most common, grasses are the least known. -- J.C. Mohler, Grasses in Kansas (1937).
1. Spikelet features for the subfamily:
a. Disarticulation below the glumes, the spikelets falling as a unit.
b. Dorsal compression.
c. Two florets per spikelets, the lower one reduced, the upper one fertile.
d. Awns, if developed, from the upper floret.
2. Mostly warm season.
PANICEAE TRIBE
Spikelet distinctive
Panicum, panic-grasses
Dichanthelium, rosette-grass.
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Illustration of rosette-grass - Dichanthelium
spring rosettes
spring phase left, summer phase right
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Digitaria
Paspalum dilatatum, dallisgrass
Setaria, bristlegrass
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