Repe Myths and ideology
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100 postpones the incorporation of Slovene regions into the Third Reich, scheduled for 1 January 1941 for six months (eventually, the spread of the resistance manages to prevent that incorporation). Upper Carniola witnesses a general uprising that the Germans try to crush by all means possible. 1941 December 16 The Hungarian Parliament adopts a law calling for the annexation of occupied Prekmurje. 1942 January 9-11 During the general uprising in Upper Carniola, the Cankar Battalion is engaged in several battles against German police and military forces. At the end of December 1941, the battalion manages to reach the village of Dražgoše. A bloody fight ensues January 9-11. When the battalion retreats, the Germans occupy and burn down the village, shoot 42 locals and expel women and children. The territory controlled by the Third Reich thus witnesses one of the first major anti-Nazi rebellions and subsequent Nazi disproportionate revenge. 1942 April 6 The Slovene Pledge (Slovenska zaveza) is taken in Ljubljana by a political alliance of bourgeois parties that are against the OF out of opposition to “godless communism”. 1942 June 16 The Italians launch a major offensive against the liberation movement that lasts until November 4. Its goal is to crush the Slovene resistance. During the offensive, the Italian army kills civilians or deports them to concentration camps and systematically burns down villages. 1942 November 26-27 The Anti-Fascist Council for the National Liberation of Yugoslavia (AVNOJ) is established in Bihać, a town in western Bosnia. With the war raging, Slovene representatives cannot attend. Nevertheless, the OF supreme bodies approve its decisions, thus confirming that the Slovene resistance is a constituent part of the Yugoslav resistance led by Tito. 1943 January 8 German troops encircle and decimate the Pohorje Battalion at Osankarica deep in the Pohorje forest (Styria). 101 1943 March 1 The OF founding groups sign the Dolomite Memorandum, acknowledging the leading role of the KPS and binding themselves to eventually dissolve their individual associations. 1943 May 12 Partisan units (the Gregorčič Brigade) manage to arrive to the eastern part of Venetian Slovenia; i.e., the edge of Slovene ethnic territory, and operate there for some time. 1943 July 25 Following the landing of Anglo-American troops in Sicily, Mussolini was deposed and arrested, king Victor Emmanuel III appoints Marshall Pietro Badoglio head of the Italian government. 1943 September 8 Capitulation of Italy. On October 13, Italy joins the Allies. Slovene partisans begin disarming the Italian army in the Province of Ljubljana and Primorska. 1943 September Partisans defeat Slovene collaborators at Turjak Castle near Ljubljana. The latter are represented by White Guard or Home Guard units that joined the Voluntary Anti-Communist Militia (Milizia volontaria anticomunista), formed in spring 1942, partly as a form of defence against partisan violence in liberated territories, and partly as a result of the anti-communist and anti-resistance orientation of the leadership of bourgeois parties and the Catholic Church in the Ljubljana Diocese. The Slovene Chetniks (their first units were formed at the end of 1941, after the breach between Tito and Draža Mihailović in Serbia) are defeated in the village of Grčarice in the Kočevsko district. 1943 October l-3 Kočevje hosts the Assembly of Deputies of the Slovene Nation attended by 572 elected and 78 delegated representatives. They elect 120 members of the Slovene National Liberation Committee that become the supreme body of the new people’s authorities. 1943 November 9 The Bosnian town of Jajce hosts the second session of the AVNOJ. Attended by the Slovene delegation, the session adopts its decision on the federal character of Yugoslavia and elects new bodies (the Presidency acting as the supreme authority between two AVNOJ sessions and the National Committee of the Liberation of Yugoslavia 102 acting as government). AVNOJ becomes the supreme legislative and representative body of the Yugoslavia. 1944 January 6 The 14th Division starts its march from Bela Krajina to Styria. 1944 February 19-20 Črnomelj hosts the first session of the OF Supreme Council. Comprised of 120 representatives, the council is renamed the Slovene National Liberation Council (partisan parliament). 1944 April 20 The members of Home Guards units swear allegiance to the Führer and bind themselves to fight against the partisans (another Home Guards pledge takes place on 30 January 1945). 1944 June 16 Tito and Prime Minister of the Yugoslav Government in exile Ivan Šubašić meet on the island of Vis, reaching an agreement on the form of government after the liberation. The issue of the monarchy is left unresolved. 1944 October 9 Churchill and Stalin meet in Moscow, reaching an agreement on the division of the spheres of influence in Yugoslavia (50/50). 1944 November 21 The AVNOJ Presidency issues a decree on the confiscation of property of the occupiers and their collaborators. 1944 December 20 In Ljubljana the National Committee for Slovenia is established; mostly comprised of Slovene bourgeois politicians from the Slovene Liberal Party, the committee tries to act as an alternative government to the partisan authorities and proclaims the Home Guard units and the Chetniks the Slovene army. 1945 February 4-11 The Big Three Conference at Yalta: Roosevelt, Churchill and Stalin reach an agreement on joint operations against Germany and Japan and on the issue of a uniform Yugoslav government. 1945 March 1 The National Liberation Army of Yugoslavia (NOV) is renamed the Yugoslav Army. 103 1945 March 7 The AVNOJ Presidency resigns in Belgrade. A new temporary government of the Democratic Federative Yugoslavia (DFJ) is formed, including representatives of the former Royal Government in Exile. Tito becomes Prime Minister and Minister of National Defense, while Edvard Kardelj and Ivan Šubašić become deputy prime ministers (the latter is also appointed Minister of Foreign Affairs). The issue of dual government is finally resolved. 1945 April After severe fighting with the Wehrmacht, the Red Army and the Prekmurje Partisan Squad enter Murska Sobota, the capital of north-eastern Slovenia. 1945 May 5 Slovene partisans and the Yugoslav Army liberate Trieste and Gorizia and reach the Isonzo (Soča) river after a series of operations along the Adriatic coast that included the participation of the Overseas Brigades (formed by Slovene and Croatian prisoners of war who had been sent to northern Africa as Italian soldiers). 1945 May 3 Ljubljana hosts a session of the National Committee for Slovenia (comprised of representatives of pre-war bourgeois parties). The committee declares the existence of the Slovene state within federal Yugoslavia and adopts a decree on the government and on the army comprised of Home Guard members. Yet the attempt to install an alternative government fails. Together with the Wehrmacht and other quislings, both the Home Guard and bourgeois politicians retreat to Austrian Carinthia. 1945 May 5 The Slovene National Liberation Council appoints the National Government of Slovenia in Ajdovščina, with Boris Kidrič as its President. 1945 May 9 Ljubljana is liberated. 1945 May 15 The end of WWII in Slovene territory, with the last occupational units having surrendered in Carinthia. 1945 May 26 The Commander of the British forces in Carinthia issues the order to return to Yugoslavia to the first group of Slovene Home Guard soldiers. Upon return, the majority (around 13,000) of them are executed without trial. 104 1945 June 9 An agreement between the governments of the USA, Great Britain and Yugoslavia that Tito shall withdraw his army in Venezia Giulia to behind the so- called Morgan Line is signed in Belgrade. As a result, Primorska is divided into two zones: Zone A of the Julian March comes under the Allied military administration and Zone B under the administration of the Yugoslav army. 1945 August 23 Yugoslavia passes an agrarian reform act. 1946 January 3 Enactment of the Constitution of the Federal People’s Republic of Yugoslavia (FLRJ): Slovenia becomes one of the six constitutive units with the right to self- determination and secession. 1946 Nationalization of private property in Yugoslavia (completed in 1948). 1946-47 Paris Peace Conference. On 10 February 1947 Yugoslavia and Italy sign a treaty regarding the new border. A large part of the former Julian March is ceded to Yugoslavia, with the exception of Gorizia. The northern Adriatic coastal strip becomes the Free Territory of Trieste (FTT), officially under jurisdiction of the United Nations. In fact it is still divided into Zone A (Trieste and its environs) administered by the Allies and Zone B (the districts of Koper and Buje) administered by Yugoslavia. 1947 September 15 The new border between Italy and the FLRJ is operative. 1948 June 28 Bucharest hosts the second session of the Information Bureau. The international communist organization expels the CPJ, which gives rise to a serious conflict between Stalin and Tito. With all relations broken off, Yugoslavia is under threat of being invaded by the Soviet bloc. Help comes from the West, which is well-aware of the strategic and ideological advantages of Tito’s “heresy”. 105 1953 March 5 Death of Stalin; in September, Nikita Khrushchev is appointed Secretary General of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. Relations with Yugoslavia gradually improve. 1954 August 9 The Balkans Pact on Greek, Turkish and Yugoslav political, military and economic co-operation is signed in Bled. Yugoslavia thus establishes indirect contacts with NATO. 1954 October 5 Signature of the London Memorandum (also called Memorandum of Understanding) on the FTT. Zone A, including Trieste, is ceded to Italy, Zone B to Yugoslavia. With its border with Italy becoming relatively open, Slovenia attains a special position in comparison to other Yugoslav republics. 1955 May 15 Signature of the Austrian State Treaty. Also signed by Yugoslavia, the treaty re-establishes democratic, independent and neutral Austria. Article 7 stipulates the protection of the Slovene and Croatian minorities. 1955 June 2 The signature of the Belgrade Declaration on equal co-operation between the Soviet Union and Yugoslavia marks the beginning of the normalization of relations between the two socialist countries. 1955 July 18-19 Tito, Nehru and Nasser meet at Brioni and establish the Non- Aligned Movement. 1960 The first issue of the opposition magazine Perspektive (Perspectives) that replaces Revija 57 (Magazine 57). The magazine suffers the same fate as its predecessor: as of 28 April 1964 it is censored. 1961 September 1 Belgrade hosts the first summit of the Non-Aligned Movement. 1963 April 9 Yugoslavia adopts a new constitution and is renamed the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. 106 1967 May 7 Stane Kavčič becomes Slovene “Prime Minister” (at that time called President of the Executive Council). The liberal-oriented politician of the younger generation wants Slovenia to develop towards a market-based country (though still retaining public property), which often brings him into conflict with the central authorities. He is deposed in 1972. 1974 February 21 Yugoslavia adopts a new constitution that strengthens the federal order and confirms the self-government of all working people as the essential characteristic of its path to socialism. However, it introduces a complicated delegate system and reinforces the domination of the Communist Party in all spheres of social life. 1975 November 10 Yugoslavia and Italy sign the Treaty of Osimo, finally settling the issue of the border between Zones A and B of the former FTT. 1980 May 4 Josip Broz-Tito dies in Ljubljana, which leads to an economic, political and interethnic crisis in Yugoslavia. 1981 March In Kosovo, demonstrators demand that the province be granted the status of a seventh Yugoslav republic. 1983 The Belgrade authorities adopt a new educational program in an attempt to standardize the curricula. This first move to increase centralization meets with strong opposition in Slovenia. 1986 January Slobodan Milošević is appointed leader of Serbian communists. 1987 February 18 Slovene intellectuals publish their oppositional national program in the 57th issue of Nova revija (New Magazine). 1988 May 13 Formation of the Slovene Farmers’ Union, the first opposition party. Owing to the valid legislation, it is still member of the Socialist Alliance of Working People (that succeeded the Liberation Front). 107 1988 June 3 Janez Janša, at that time a journalist of the magazine Mladina (The Youth), is arrested and charged with revealing a military secret (about the intention of the Yugoslav People’s Army [JLA] to “calm down” Slovenia), which brings about the establishment of the Committee for the Protection of Human Rights. 1989 January 11 Foundation of other opposition parties: the Slovene Democratic Union followed by the Social Democratic Union in February, as well as others. 1989 May 8 The Slovene opposition publishes the May Declaration, a political program demanding a multi-party system and a sovereign Slovene state. 1989 September 27 The Slovene Republican Assembly (Parliament) adopts constitutional amendments that reinforce the right to establish a sovereign state, and annul the provision regarding the leading role of the League of Communists of Slovenia. Belgrade responds with strong political pressure, sparking off mass demonstrations. The JLA leaders plan to declare an emergency, but they change their minds, not wanting to violate the law at such a sensitive time. 1989 December 1 Ljubljana should be host to a “Rally of Truth” modeled upon Serbian mass rallies. Slovene authorities ban it. 1990 January 23 Slovene communists leave the 14th Congress of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia, which brings about the disintegration of the party. 1990 April 8-22 Slovenia holds its first multi-party parliamentary elections, with the opposition united in the Demos coalition emerging as the victor. The election for the president of the collective Presidency of the Republic is won by Milan Kučan, the former President of the Presidency of the Slovene League of Communists. 1990 July 8 Mass service and mourning commemoration dedicated to executed members of Home Guard units in the Kočevski rog forest. The symbolic reconciliation ceremony is performed by the Archbishop Alojzij Šuštar and by the President of the Republic of Slovenia, Milan Kučan. 108 1990 December 23 Slovenia holds a plebiscite for a sovereign and independent state. The overwhelming majority (88.2%) votes for independence. The plebiscite is to enter into force within six months after the adoption of the appropriate laws. 1991 June 26 Slovenia declares independence. On the next day, the Yugoslav People’s Army attacks. 1991 July 7 Truce between the JLA and the Slovene army followed by negotiations between federal Yugoslavia and Slovenia on Brioni under the auspices of the European Community (EC) 1991 October 25 The last JLA soldier leaves Slovene territory. 1991 December 23 Slovenia adopts a new constitution. 1991 December 9-11 Maastricht hosts final negotiations between the members of the European Community that reach political consensus leading to the creation of the European Union. 1991 December 15 Meeting in Brussels, foreign ministers of the EC states define criteria for the recognition of individual republics of disintegrated Yugoslavia. 1991 December 19 Germany recognizes Slovenia as of 15 January 1992. 1992 January 15 EC member states recognize Slovenia. 1992 May 22 Slovenia is admitted to the UN. 1993 May 25 Establishment of the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia. No Slovenes are prosecuted. 2004 March 29 Slovenia becomes a NATO member (following the preliminary consultative referendum of 23 March 2003 attended by 60.2% of the electorate, with 66% voting for membership). 109 2004 May 1 Slovenia becomes an EU member (following the preliminary consultative referendum of 23 March 2003 attended by 60.2% of the electorate, with 90% voting for membership). 2007 January 1 Slovenia introduces the euro (replacing its former currency, the tolar). 2008 January - June Slovenia took over the EU presidency. Yüklə 1,76 Mb. Dostları ilə paylaş:
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