128
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Mass media abroad
Development History of Public Dialogue in Swedish Media
Part 1. From the First Debates of the Age of Freedom to
Polemical Journalism of the Late 18
th
Century
© Irina Ya. Novitskaya
PhD, Junior Researcher at the Laboratory for the Study of Foreign Press, Faculty of Journal-
ism, Lomonosov Moscow State University (Moscow, Russia), novija@yandex.ru
Abstract
The purpose of the paper is to trace the history of public dialogue in Swedish media
starting from the Age of Freedom and up to the second half of the 20
th
century. In the intro-
duction, the author argues the importance of information and communication interaction
among citizens of one country (Sweden in this case), facilitated by debates in the press.
The basic research methods were as follows: H. A Taine’s historical and cultural school,
content analysis of Swedish media at different times and the methodological procedures
of dialogical philosophy primarily represented in Russia by M.M. Bakhtin. In Part 1 of the
paper the author focuses on the period from the Age of Freedom, when the first print pub-
lication designed for public debates was founded and when essay journalism took root,
to the late 18
th
century, which saw the emergence of polemical journalism. The issue of
public dialogue, debates and polemical articles in Swedish periodicals has been touched
upon in the author’s previous papers, which, along with the works of other Russian resear-
chers, served as a scientific basis for this research while Swedish materials on the history
of journalism proved to be a factual basis for it.
129
Key words:
Age of Freedom, essay journalism, collapse of linear communication, de-
bates in Swedish press.
Notes
Dalin O. fon. (1977) Sagan om hästen och annan prosa. Urval, inl. o. komment.: S.G.
Hansson. Stockholm: Norstedt, [A Saga about a Horse and Other Prose / compilation and
comments by Hansson S.G.]. (Stockholm: Rahms).
Dalin O. fon. (1736) Tankar öfver critique [Thoughts about Critics]. Stockholm, tryckt hos
Benj Publ. Gottlieb Schneider. Åhr MDCCXXXVI.
Lenngren A.M. (1916–1926) Samlade skrifter. Svenska författare utgivna av Svenska vit-
terhetssamfundet
. [Collected works. Swedish Writers Published by the Swedish Literary
Society.]. In: T. Hjelmqvist och K. WarburgStockholm (eds.). Stockholm: Bonnier 3 V.
Kellgren J.H. (1978) Företal till ”Fredmans epistlar” av C. M. Bellman [Foreword to “Fredmans
Epistels” by Carl Mikael Bellman.]. Stockholm: Prisma.
Leopold C.G. (1799) Byxorne. [Trousers].
Leopold C.G. (1785) Critiska Anmärkningar vid Hjältedikten: Tåget öfver Bält. [Critical Notes
on the Heroic Poem “Crossing the Belt”.]. Uppsala.
Leopold C.G. (1802) Idéer till en populär Filosofi öfver Gud och Odödlighet / Saml. Skrifter III,
[Ideas about the Popular Philosophy of God and Immortality. Complete works, vol. III.].
Thorild Th. En critik öfver critiker. Med förord av S. Arvidson. [Criticism of Critics. Foreword
by S. Arvidson]. Stockholm: Minerva, [1990?].
Thorild Th. (1785) Passionerna. Skaldstycke. [Passions. Poetic Fragments]. Stockholm:
U/f.
References
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Stockholm: Norstedt.
Chernysheva O.V. (2007) Novaya rol’ tserkvi v mul’tikul’turnoy Shvetsii [New Role of the
Church in Multicultural Sweden]. Novaya i noveyshaya istoriy 5: 39–49.
Dahl F. (1941) Pressens uppkomst och utveckling [Emergence and Formation of the
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at: http://runeberg.org/samlaren/1907/0182.html
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: 203–239. Available at: http://runeberg.org/samlaren/1910/0211.html
Esin B.I. (1983) Puteshestvie v proshloe: Gazetnyy mir XIX veka [A Journey into the Past:
the Newspaper World of the 19
th
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konennyy 2 dekabrya 1766 goda Ego Korolevskogo Velichestva Milostivym Postanovleniem
Otnositel’no Svobody vykhoda v svet Rukopisnykh i Pechatnykh Izdaniy: istoricheskie predpo-
sylki i personalii
[The First Statute on the Abolition of Censorship in Sweden Legalized on
December 2, 1766 by His Royal Majesty’s Gracious Decree on the Freedom of Writing and
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predshestvenniki Astrid Lindgren
[Formation of Children’s and Youth Literature in Sweden:
Astrid Lindgren’s Literary Predecessors]. Moscow: Faculty of Journalism, Moscow St. Univ.
Publ.
Oscarsson I. (2000) Med tryckfrihet och tidig tradition (1732–1809) [The Early Tradition
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. Per. so shvedsk. I. Novitskoy [Forsskol P. Thoughts about Civil
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NB: Filosofskie issledovaniya
. Available at: http://e-notabene.ru/fr/article_143.html
Public Broadcasting in Greece in the Digital Era: ERT vs Digea
© Olga V. Plekhova
PhD degree-seeking student at the Chair of Foreign Journalism and Literature, Faculty of
Journalism, Lomonosov Moscow State University (Moscow, Russia), olplekhova@yandex.ru
131
Abstract
The transition from analogue to digital broadcasting involves a number of technological,
economic, political and social challenges Greece failed to meet because the transition was
aggravated by the economic crisis, which, in comparison with other European countries,
slowed down the process.
In the course of digitization in Greece, several mistakes were made: expenditures for
the digitization of the public broadcaster partly became the responsibility of the popula-
tion because of increased subscription fees; private television companies were allowed to
conspire among themselves and with the government, which is why in order to eliminate
the main competitor the public broadcaster was closed down and the monopoly of signal
delivery was established. All this resulted in a situation in which the sole owner of signal
transmission facilities was also a program provider; other broadcasters could gain access
to the infrastructure on extremely unfavorable economic conditions. The struggle of the
corporation of nationwide private TV channels Digea against Greece’s public broadcaster
ERT was accompanied by political scandals in which unfair methods of competition were
disclosed. Finally, it was decided to create an ERT subsidiary company that is supposed
to be a competitor for Digea and issue permanent licenses to television channels on a
competitive basis.
In the paper, the author describes the emergence and development of digital television
and radio broadcasting, provides the chronology of digitization and pictures the confron-
tation between Digea and ERT, the closure of the public broadcaster and the subsequent
attempts to revive it and improve its competitive position.
Keywords
: Greece, digitization, public broadcaster, ERT, Digea.
Notes
Kovach N. & Stoun M. (eds.) (2010) Putevoditel’ po voprosam perekhoda na tsifrovoe
teleradioveshchanie. Byuro Organizatsii po bezopasnosti i sotrudnichestvu v Evrope (OBSE
)
[Guidebook on the Transition to Digital Television and Radio Broadcasting. Organization
for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) Bureau].
“A���δ�ά���ς �������� � ��ξ��� ��� ������δ������ �έ���ς ��� ��� �Ρ�”. in.gr. 2005.
23 Α��������. (Increased ERT Subscription Fees Cause Concern]. in.gr
23.08.2005)
Δ������ ������� Χ�. Σ����ζ� �� ���� ��� DIGEA. 20.10.2015. [A Fierce Attack of Ch.
Spirtzis on the National Committee of Telecommunications and Postal Services and Digea.
20.10.2015]. Available at: http://www.naftemporiki.gr/story/1019682/drimeia-epithesi-
xr-spirtzi-se-eett-kai-digea
������� ������� ���������: � ��������� ��������. ������ ����������� ��������������ώ�
Μέ���. ��Μ 2010. [Terrestrial Digital Television: the European Experience. A report of the
Institute of Audiovisual Media. Institute of Audiovisual Media 2010].
Εφημερις Της Κυβερνήσεως
[Newspaper of the Greek Government].
2012. 4 October;
2013.
9 September.
http://www.digea.gr/233/article/224/Etairiko-profil/el)
http://www.naftemporiki.gr/story/1019682/drimeia-epithesi-xr-spirtzi-se-eett-kai-
digea
132
http://tvxs.gr/news/ellada/spirtzis-pagkosmios-psifiakos-paroxos-i-ert-monimes-
adeies-stoys-tileoptikoys-stathmoys
http://www.typologies.gr/provlimatismos-gia-ti-chamili-ptisi-tis-ert/#more-298368
References
Evseeva L.P. (2007) Tsifrovoe televidenie Pol’shi [Digital Television in Poland]. Vestnik
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Sharonchikova L.V. (2008) Televidenie Frantsii pered vyzovom tsifrovykh tekhnologiy
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diascope.ru/node/249
Vasil’eva A.V. (2013) Особенности и результаты перехода телевидения Франции на
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Mediaskop
3. Available at: http://www.mediascope.ru/node/1395
Mediatext
Implementation of the Precedent Name “Napoleon” in the First Russian Political
Cartoons
© Nadezhda N. Volskaya
PhD, Associate Professor at the Chair of Russian Language Stylistics, Faculty of Journalism,
Lomonosov Moscow State University (Moscow, Russia), navolskaya@yandex.ru
Abstract
A special place, role and significance of cartoons in informal political discourse are
defined by the visibility of the information they convey. Russian cartoons as a variety of
satirical art appeared during the Patriotic War of 1812. The first political cartoon in the
country was a unique work created in 1815, which went down in history under the name
“A Present to Children in Memory of the War of 1812”, more commonly known as Terebe-
nev’s ABC Book.
The author of the paper considers the implementation, in terms of semiotics, of the
precedent name “Napoleon” in the cartoons of Terebenev’s ABC Book. Here the name is
represented through precedent situations, i.e. a kind of “reference” situations involving a
number of certain connotations, whose differential features are part of the cognitive basis,
the nucleus of the cultural space. Precedent phenomena are the main components of the
cognitive basis of any linguo-cultural community and it is they that constitute national and
cultural specificity. Precedent phenomena exist in both verbal form (a precedent name,
statement and text) and verbalized form (a precedent situation). In a precedent situation,
the role of the signifier may be played by a precedent statement and/or precedent name.
An analysis of cartoons in Terebenev’s ABC Book made it possible to isolate the following
features in the content of the name under consideration:
1. Napoleon is a former hero (letter “Ь”)
2. Napoleon is a triumphator (letter “Р”)
3. Napoleon is a man who quickly acquired fame and lost it equally quickly (letter Θ)
133
4. Napoleon is an ill man who needs a doctor’s help (letter “Т”)
5. Napoleon is a defeated enemy (letter “Х”)
6. Napoleon is part of France and the French Army (letter “Я”).
The precedent name “Napoleon” is a significant part of national culture and the linguistic
picture of the world, a vivid indicator of the hallmarks of people’s self-consciousness and
of the nation’s reflection on domestic history and culture. Napoleon is not only a symbol
of France’s grandeur, a gifted military leader and outstanding statesman, not only a re-
former and dictator, but also a symbol of the glory of Russia, which won the Patriotic War
of 1812 launched by Napoleon, as well as the key to understanding the role of Russia in
the modern world.
Keywords:
Terebenev’s ABC Book, the Patriotic War of 1812, Napoleon, political cartoon,
semiotics, precedent name, verbal component of a cartoon.
Notes
Dal’ V.I. (1978) Tolkovyy slovar’ zhivogo velikorusskogo yazyka. T. 1 [Explanatory Dictio nary
of the Live Great Russian Language. Vol. 1]. Moscow: Russkiy yazyk Publ.
Ermola V.I. (2011) Kashubsko-russkiy frazeologicheskiy slovar’ [Kashubian-Russian Phra-
seological Dictionary]. St. Petersburg: Pol’skiy institut Publ.
Yartsev V.N. (ed.) (2002) Lingvisticheskiy entsiklopedicheskiy slovar’ [Linguistic Encyclo-
pedic Dictionary]. Moscow: Bol’shaya Rossiyskaya entsiklopediya Publ.
Nashol.org>tolkoviy-slovar-dalya/spravilivat.html
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ru/?q=node/1803
Book Review
Newspaper Petersburg
(A review of the book: Sonina E.S. (ed.) (2016) Newspaper Petersburg 1711–1917. Is. 2.
St. Petersburg: St. Petersburg St. University Institute Higher School of Journalism and Mass
Communications)
© Boris I. Esin
PhD, Professor at the Chair of History of Russian Literature and Journalism, Faculty of Jour-
nalism, Lomonosov Moscow State University, (Moscow, Russia), ruslit.msu@yandex.ru
Women’s Magazines of the 1920s−1930s: Historical and Philological Approach to
the Study
(A review of the book: Minaeva O.D. (2015) The Rabotnitsa and Krestyanka Magazines in
Settling Women’s Issue in the USSR in the 1920s−1930s: the Model of Propaganda Support
for Social Reforms. Moscow: MediaMir Publ.)
© Ivan A. Pankeev
PhD, Professor at the Chair of History and Legal Regulation of Domestic Media, Faculty
of Journalism, Lomonosov Moscow State University, iap2007@mail.ru
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