Rtoc assessment Report 2014 (Slight corrections made in Tables 2-8 and 2-9)

5.7 References

ASHRAE, 2009 ASHRAE, 2009. Design Considerations for Datacom Equipment Centers, Second Edition, ASHRAE TC9.9, Atlanta

ASHRAE, 2010 ASHRAE, 2010. “Refrigeration Handbook, chapter 3”, Atlanta

Bailer, 2006 Bailer, P. and Pietrucha, U., 2006. “Design and Application of Ammonia Heat Pump Systems for Heating and Cooling of Non-Residential Buildings” 10th International Symposium on District Heating and Cooling, Hannover

Brasz, 2008 Brasz, J., 2008. “Assessment of C6F as a working fluid for Organic Rankine Cycle Applications”, Int. Conf. on Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning, Purdue University

Brown, 1991 Brown, A. H., 1991. “Return to Ammonia?” Institute of Refrigeration, London

Calm, 2011 Calm, J.M., 2011. “Refrigerants for deep mine refrigeration”, Proc. IIR Congress, Prague

CGF, 2010 Anonymous, 2010. “Resolution on Sustainable Refrigeration”, The Consumer Goods Forum, Paris

CRAA, 2012 CRAA, 2012. Survey of Refrigerant consumption for Industrial Refrigeration in China, CRAA, Beijing

Gulanikar, 2013 Gulanikar, A.D., 2013. “Energy Conservation in Ammonia Refrigeration System Installed for Meat Processing Unit in India” Proc 5th Ammonia Refrigeration Technology Conf., IIR, Ohrid

Hodnebrog, 2013 Hodnebrog, Ø., Etminan, M., Fuglestvedt, J. S., Marston, G., Myhre, G., Nielsen, C. J., Shine, K. P., Wallington, T. J., 2013. “Global Warming Potentials and Radiative Efficiencies of Halocarbons and Related Compounds: A Comprehensive Review”, Rev. Geophys., 51, 300-378, Washington DC

Hutchins, 2005 Hutchins, G., 2005. “Mission Critical Cooling” Institute of Refrigeration Annual Conference, London

IIR, 2008 International Institute of Refrigeration, 2008. “Ammonia as a Refrigerant, 3rd Edition”, IIR, Paris

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Kohlenberger, 1995 Kohlenberger, C., 1995. “Gas Turbine Inlet Air Cooling and the Effect on a Westinghouse 501D5 CT”, Proceedings of the International Gas Turbine and Aeroengine Congress & Exposition, Paper No. 95-GT-284, ASME, New York

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Nørstebø, 2013 Nørstebø, A., 2013. “District Heating and Cooling based on large Heat Pumps”, Proc. HPP Workshop, Oslo

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Pearson, 2011 Pearson, A.B., 2011. “Opportunities for Combined Heating and Cooling”, Proc 4th Ammonia Refrigeration Technology Conf., IIR, Ohrid

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UNEP, 2011 UNEP, 2011. Report of the Refrigeration, Air Conditioning and Heat Pumps Technical Options Committee (RTOC) 2010 Assessment.

Vartiainen, 2011 Vartiainen, J. and Salmi, J., 2011. “District Cooling in Helsinki”, Helsingin Energia, Helsinki

Zyhowski, 2003 Zyhowski, G., 2003. “Opportunities for HFC-245fa Organic Rankine Cycle Appended To Distributed Power Generation Systems”, Proc. IIR Congress, Washington DC
Chapter 6
Transport Refrigeration

Chapter Lead Author
Radim Čermák

Co-Authors
Michael Kauffeld

Holger König

Richard Lawton

Alexander C. Pachai

Giorgio Rusignuolo

6 Transport refrigeration

6.1 Introduction

Transport refrigeration is a small but vital segment comprising delivery of chilled or frozen products by means of trucks, trailers, vans, intermodal containers and boxes. It also includes the use of refrigeration and air conditioning on merchant, naval and fishing vessels above 100 gross tonnes (GT) (over about 24 m in length).

Most development has taken place in the intermodal container industry since 2010. Although many of the lessons are applicable to road transport, differences between containers and road vehicles should not be neglected, and may lead to different system solutions and (possibly) to different refrigerant choices. The three top candidates in the container industry are R-744, hydrocarbons and low-GWP HFCs.

In contrast to the 2010 report, more insight is provided on eutectic and cryogenic systems which may be attractive for some types of transport routes. Porthole container ships, which do not exist any longer, are omitted, as are dedicated railway systems where trailer units or intermodal containers units are now utilized. The niche segment of airfreight containers is added.

New information about vessels in terms of type and refrigerant charge is provided based on the 2012 IMO study. It appears that the differences in type are large and segmentation is needed in the future. Analyses on refrigerant options are limited in this chapter, and the reader is advised to consult the chapters dealing with industrial and air-conditioning systems.

Based on research, the road vehicle fleet size previously estimated at 4 million in the 2006 and 2010 RTOC Reports has been downsized to 2 million. This changes the overall picture in that the refrigerant banks in vessels almost double the banks in other transport sub-segments.

While CFCs and HCFCs can be found in older equipment, virtually all new transport refrigeration systems continue to utilize HFCs, with a prevalence of HFC-134a and R-404A. Some systems aboard vessels utilize HCFC-22 in both non-Article 5 and Article 5 countries. R-717 and R-744 systems are being installed on fishing vessels.

Appendix A contains a general overview and technical progress information, further, the ozone depletion potential (ODP) and global warming potential (GWP) values of the refrigerants discussed in this chapter are given in chapter 2 of this report.

2.