10
I. K. Larin
In [75] the results of research of the ozone layer over Nizhny Novgorod and over
Central Asian region using ground equipment of millimeter range of wavelengths
has been considered. In [76] the temperature, humidity and ozone anomalies,
registered in March 2011 by TOMS in the Arctic stratosphere have been ex‑
plored. It is supposed, that the phenomena in Arctic regions is a result of a com‑
petition between meridional transfer of ozone from its tropical reservoir during
the winter period and the subsequent destruction of ozone as a result of hetero‑
geneous reactions on the surfaces of particles of
polar stratospheric clouds, and
the phenomena in the middle latitude are caused by drift of the wet Arctic air
masses with a depleted ozone.
In conclusion of this part we refer to the book “Chemical Physics of the ozone
layer” (published by GEOS, Moscow (2013) [77]), in which for the first time a
detailed analysis of stratospheric processes from the point of view of the theory
of chain processes has been made.
4. Chemical aspects of climate change
Works in this field were related to the forecasting of climate change, moni‑
toring of greenhouse gases, and geoengeneering. Let’s specify the work [78] that
using climate model of the Institute of atmospheric physics name A. M. Obukhov
RAS the influence of geo-engineering on characteristics of climate and carbon
cycle has been evaluated.
Geo‑engineering effect in the model is implemented for the period 2020–
2070 to decrease the global warming according an aggressive scenarios of an‑
thropogenic effect RCP 8.5. When a homogeneous distribution of stratospheric
sulphate horizontally and full compensation of globally averaged anthropogenic
warming, developing in the 21
st
century
in this scenario,
there is a reduction in
rainfall, accompanied by regional temperature anomalies. Geoengineering leads
to a decrease in the total primary production of plants and carbon stock in ground
vegetation, especially in boreal regions of Siberia. The global total primary pro‑
duction in 2060–2070 compared with the calculations without geoengineering
effects decreases by 17 PgC*g
‑1
, and global stock of carbon in the ground vege‑
tation on the 33 PgC. On the other hand, geoengineering leads to the fact that in
the 21
st
century soil does not lose but accumulates carbon. It has been shown that
geoengineering slows the accumulation of CO
2
in the atmosphere by anthropo‑
genic emissions by 52
million
‑1
in the last years of the 21
st
century But this has
no significant effect on the climate performance of geo-engineering.
The use of geoengineering to decrease the global warming also discussed in
[79]. In addition to said above let’s note that these techniques would inevitably
lead to substantially reduce of ozone through the mechanism of the halogen ac‑
tivation, acting with participation of the sulphate aerosols. Besides, you need to
11
Atmospheric
Chemistry
take into consideration the duration of the application of these methods, which
should be not less than 1000 years, which corresponds to atmospheric lifetime
of CO
2
.
In [80] the long-term variations of the Earth’s upper atmosphere radiation in
the line of atomic oxygen at 557.7 nm and fluctuations in the system “atmos‑
phere-ocean” has been analysed. In [81] the mechanism of influence of solar
activity on the climate and their contribution to the climatic variations in past
centuries and the twenty-first century was discussed. In [82] an
overview of the
current monitoring data spatio‑temporal dynamics of
greenhouse gases made on
the global network of observations by space, balloon, aircraft and contact sensing
was given. The attention focuses on the assessment of the trend of methane. In
this regard, we point out to work [83], where the content of the ice clathrates was
considered and it was shown that the temperature rise and growth of methane
concentration in the atmosphere have gone over glacial-interglacial cycles par‑
allel to each other. Finally, we specify the work [84], which provides estimations
of current radiative forcing of aerosol for three areas of the world ocean — the
coastal area of Antarctica, the sea of Japan and the “Sea of darkness” (part of the
Ocean near the northwest coast of Africa, where the dust is regularly made by
the trade winds from the Sahara).
References
1. Larin I. K. Russian investigations in atmospheric chemistry for 2007–2010 // Iz‑
vestiya RAN. Fizika atmosphery i okeana (2012) V. 48. № 3. P. 272–280. (rus.)
2. Larin I. K., Spasskii A. I., Trofimova E. M. Measurement of the rate constants of
the reactions of the chlorine atom with C
3
F
7
I and CF
3
I using the resonance fluorescence
of chlorine atoms // Kinetica i Cataliz (2012) V. 53. № 1. P. 15–19. (rus.)
3. Larin I. K., Spasskii A. I., Trofimova E. M. Homogeneous and heterogeneous re‑
actions of hydrocarbons that contain an atom of iodine // Izvestiya RAN. Energetica
(2012) № 3. P. 44–52. (rus.)
4. Larin I. K., Spasskii A. I., Trofimova E. M., Proncheva N. G. Measurement of
rate constants of reaction of carbon monoxide with iodine oxide in the temperature range
298–363 K method of resonance fluorescence // Kinetica i Cataliz (2014) V. 55. № 3.
P. 301–306. (rus.)
5. Vasiliev E. S., Knyazev V. D., Karpov G. V., Morozov I. I. Kinetics and Mecha‑
nism of the Reaction of Fluorine Atoms with Pentafluoropropionic Acid // Journal оf
Physical Chemistry A (2014) V. 118. P. 4013–4018.
6. Vasiliev E. S., Knyazev V. D., Morozov I. I. Kinetics and mechanism of the re‑
action of fluorine atoms with trifluoroacetic acid // Chemical Physics Letters (2011) V.
512. P. 172–177.