Seventh century ce: The Expansion of Islam
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| SEVENTH CENTURY CE: The Expansion of Islam c.600-700: Book of Kells c.600-900: Classic Maya civilization in Mexico. Tiahuanaco culture in Peru (to 1000) 610: First revelation of the Koran to Mohammed 618-907: T’ang Dynasty in China, Golden Age of Chinese Poetry and Empire 622: The Hegira(“breaking of ties”)marks first expansion of Islam, to city of Medina c.625-633: Sutton Hoo burial 635: Lindisfarne Monastery founded 632: Death of the Prophet Mohammed. Abu Bakr first Caliph (“successor”) 637-644: Muslim (Islamic) conquest of Persia (Iran) 638: Muslim conquest of Syria and Palestine 640: Muslim conquest of Egypt and Armenia 641: Tibet converted to Buddhism 661: Division in Islam between supporters of Mu’awiyah of the Omayyad dynasty and Ali, the son-in law and nephew of the Prophet (later to develop into religious split between Sunni and Shi’ite Muslims)
Damascus in Syria 664: Synod of Whitby: Papacy asserts its authority over British and Irish churches 669: Pope appoints the first Archbishop of Canterbury , organizes English church 670-695: Muslim conquest of North Africa 670-935: Silla Kingdom in Korea 674-678: First Muslim siege of Constantinople 692: Dome of the Rock built at Jerusalem EIGHTH CENTURY CE: Islam and Iconoclasm c.700: Lindisfarne Gospels c.700-1200:African Kingdom of Ghana c.700-750: Beowulf Epic 710-784: Nara period in Japan 711-720: Muslims conquer Spain 717-18: Muslims besiege Constantinople, halt of Muslim conquests in Eastern Europe 731: Bede’s Ecclesiastical History of England 725-98: First phase of Iconoclasm in Byzantium; schism between Byzantium and Papacy 732: Charles Martel defeats Muslim raiding party in battle near Poitiers, ending political expansion of Islam into western Europe. 750-1258: Abbasid dynasty rules the Caliphate 751: Ravenna falls to Lombards. Charles Martel founds Carolingian dynasty in the Frankish Kingdom. Muslims defeat Chinese at the Battle of Talas. Beginning of expansion of Islam into Central Asia
Empire” increases tension with Eastern Roman (Byzantine) Empire. The Pope claims the throne is empty because it is held by a woman (Irene) and a usurper
Byzantium (814-843) leads to renewed schism with the Papacy 836: Einhard’s Life of Charlemagne 843: Treaty of Verdun: division of Frankish Empire among Charlemagne’s sons; Final end of Iconoclastic Controversy with victory of the venerators of icons 845: Vikings capture Paris c.850: Viking Rurik founds state of Rus (Russia) with its capital at Kiev 863-885: Missionaries Cyril and Methodius convert Slavs to Christianity, develop (c863-5) Slavic (Cyrillic, Glagolithic) alphabet (adapted from Greek alphabet) 865: Bulgarians converted to Eastern Orthodox Christianity 867-1025:Revival of Byzantine Empire under Macedonian Dynasty, “Macedonian Renaissance” of Byzantine culture 868: First printed book in China 871-899: Rule of King Alfred of Wessex in England, who makes peace with Vikings 890: Magyar invasions of central Europe begin c.892: Anglo-Saxon Chronicle TENTH CENTURY CE: Feudalism, revival of Byzantine and Holy Roman Empires 900s: Beginning of feudalism in Western Europe 910: Monastery of Cluny founded 911: Viking Rollo converted to Christianity and granted land in northern France, is titled Duke Robert of the Duchy of the Northmen (Normandy) 929: Moslems in Spain proclaim separate Omayyad Caliphate 955: Otto I (936-973) of E. Frankish Kingdom (Germany) defeats Magyars c.961-976:Great Mosque at Cordova in Spain 960-1279:Sung Dynasty in China 962: Otto I is crowned Emperor by Pope John XII, reviving Holy Roman Empire 963: Otto I deposes John XII, reforms Papacy. Empire controls selection of Popes 969: Rival Shi’ite Fatimid Caliphs establish rule in Egypt and their capital at Cairo 976-1025:Reign of Emperor Basil II Bulgaroktonos (“The Bulgar-slayer”) of Byzantium, Conquest of Bulgarian Empire and height of Medieval Byzantine power. 989/990: Russia (Kievan Rus) converted to Orthodox Christianity c.900-1000: Viking sagas ELEVENTH CENTURY CE: Investiture Controversy, First Crusade c.1000: Seljuk Turks, Muslim converts from Central Asia, conquer Iran c.1000-1150:Romanesque art and architecture c.1020: Lady Murasaki of Japan writes The Tale of Genji 1025-1067: Decline of Byzantine military and naval power c.1050: Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam. First recorded troubadour and trobairitz poems 1054: Schism between Eastern Orthodox and Western (Catholic) churches (to 1966) 1055: Seljuk Turks capture Baghdad, reduce Caliph to powerless figurehead 1056-1106: Reign of Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV. Investiture Controversy begins c.1060-1150:Baptistery of San Giovanni (St. John) at Florence 1060s-1071:Papacy frees itself from imperial control, allies with Normans vs. Empire. 1066: William of Normandy defeats King Harold at Hastings, conquers England 1071: Battle of Manzikert: Defeat of Byzantine Emperor Romanus IV (1067-1071) by Seljuk Turks; their expansion into Asia. Normans conquer Byzantine Italy 1073-1088: Pope Gregory VII in conflict with Henry IV opposes lay investiture, asserts authority over emperor and excommunicates him 1077: At Canossa, Henry IV begs forgiveness from Pope, but soon breaks promises 1079-1142: Pierre (Peter) Abelard, French philosopher and teacher 1081-1118: Reign of Byzantine Emperor Alexius I Comnenus, who defeats Normans, takes coastal areas of Asia Minor from Seljuks, and asks the Pope for aid. 1082: Alexius I grants trade privileges to Venice. Rise of Venetian power in East 1086: Domesday Book in England 1095: Pope Urban II preaches the First Crusade at Council of Clermont 1097: Crusaders cross to Asia after conflicts with Byzantines, mutual mistrust grows. 1098: Crusaders take Antioch and Edessa, and keep them in defiance of Byzantium. Cistercian order founded. Chanson de Roland (Song of Roland) 1099: Crusaders capture and sack Jerusalem, create Kingdom of Jerusalem TWELFTH CENTURY CE: The Medieval Renaissance of the Twelfth Century c.1100-1200:Italian city-states of Venice and Genoa dominate Eastern Mediterranean. Rise of Universities. Chansons de Geste. Spanish epic El Cid c.1100-1194:Gothic architecture begins in the West c.1120-1135: Cathedral Church of Autun, Gislebertus’ “Last Judgment,” (c. 1130-1135) 1122: Concordat of Worms, compromise that ends investiture controversy 1126-1198: Muslim philosopher Averroes 1136: Hildegard of Bingen (1098-1179) becomes Abbess 1141: Gratian’s Decretum, official collection of Canon (Church) Law. Hildegard of Bingen has her first vision 1144: Fall of Edessa to Muslims, start of Muslim military response to Crusades c.1145-1250: Age of the Great Cathedrals 1146-1148: Second Crusade fails to capture Damascus c.1147: Geoffrey of Monmouth’s History of the Kings of Britain. Abbot Suger redesigns St. Denis in Paris 1148: Princess Anna Comnena’s (daughter of Emperor Alexius I) Alexiad c.1150-1170:Rise of Vernacular literature. Revival of drama: Church Mystery Plays 1152: Henry II of England marries Eleanor of Aquitaine. Angevin Empire in France c.1160: Marie de France active 1170: Chretien de Troyes active 1170s. Murder of St.Thomas Becket, Archbishop of Canterbury, by agents of Henry II 1174-1193: Reign of Salah-ad-Din (Saladin) who unites Islam against Crusaders 1176: Lombard League (Italian city-states) defeats Holy Roman Emperor Frederick I Barbarossa (1152-1190) at Legnano. Decline of Imperial power in Italy. Seljuk Turks defeat Byzantines at Myriokephalon, decline of Byzantine power
French and English quarrel. Richard I of England, left in command, wins victories but fails to recapture Jerusalem. Peace made with Saladin
of Sicily. Beginning of struggle between Papacy and Hohenstaufen c.1194-1450: High Gothic Art and Architecture 1198-1216: Reign of Pope Innocent III, height of power of Medieval Papacy 1199-1216: Reign of King John of England, loss of Angevin Empire in France THIRTEENTH CENTURY CE: End of Crusades, Victory of Papacy over Empire c.1200 The Nibelungenlied, Parsifal, Tristan and Iseult 1202-1204:Fourth Crusade comes under Venetian control, sacks Constantinople 1204-1212:Crusaders and Venice partition Byzantine Empire. Byzantine states in exile formed at Nicaea and Epirus 1206-1227:Reign of Genghis Khan, who creates Mongol Empire 1208-1229:Albigensian Crusade against heresy in southern France 1212-1250:Reign of Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II of Hohenstaufen , who revives imperial power in Italy. Final conflict of Empire and Papacy c.1215: St. Dominic (1170-1221) founds Dominican order of monks to fight heresy 1215: King John of England (1199-1216) forced by barons to sign the Magna Carta 1223: St. Francis’ (1182-1226) Rule accepted by Papacy, Franciscan order founded 1228-1229: Sixth Crusade. Excommunicated Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II of Hohenstaufen recovers Jerusalem for Crusaders by negotiation c.1230-1450: African Empire of Mali 1236: Christians capture Muslim city of Cordova in Spain c.1237-1275: Roman de la Rose 1237-1240: Mongols conquer Russia c.1240-1250: Beginnings of parliamentary government in England 1240-1302: Cimabue, Florentine painter 1244: Muslim Mamluks of Egypt capture Jerusalem from Crusaders 1248: Christians capture Seville, reduce Muslim rule in Spain to Granada 1248-1254: Seventh Crusade: Louis IX of France fails in his attack on Egypt c.1250: Rise of wool trade of Flanders 1258: Mongols sack Baghdad, kill Caliph. End of the Abbasid Caliphate 1260: Mamluks defeat Mongol invasion of Egypt 1260-1294: Reign of Kublai Khan, Mongols complete conquest of China 1261: Nicaean Emperor Michael VIII Palaeologus (1258-1282) recaptures Constantinople from Crusaders and revives Byzantine Empire c.1265-1292/3:Marco Polo visits China, writes his Travels c.1267-1273: Saint Thomas Aquinas writes the Summa Theologica 1268: Final victory of Papacy over the Hohenstaufen emperors 1268-1291: Mamluks capture Antioch (1268) and last Crusader cities in Palestine. 1294-1303: Reign of Pope Boniface VIII, conflict with King Philip IV the Fair of France FOURTEENTH CENTURY CE: The Plague or Black Death c.1300: Osmanli (Ottoman) Turks rise to power in Asia Minor. 1304-74: Francesco Petrarca (Petrarch) 1305-1306: Giotto di Bondone’s Arena (Scrovegni) Chapel frescoes, Padua 1305-1378: Papacy at Avignon in France 1308-1311: Duccio di Buoninsegna’s “Maesta” Altarpiece at Siena 1310-1313: Holy Roman Emperor Henry VII in Italy fails to restore imperial power c.1320: Use of the cannon in warfare, beginning of end of castles as fortresses 1321: Dante Alighieri’s Divina Commedia (Divine Comedy) 1336-1568: Ashikaga (Muromachi) Shogunate in Japan 1337-1453: Hundred Years’ War between England and France 1338-1340: Pietro Lorenzetti’s “Allegory of Good and Bad Government” at Siena 1343-1400: Geoffrey Chaucer 1347-1350: Black Death or Plague in Europe 1348-1353: Giovanni Boccaccio’s Decameron 1350-1365:Ottoman Turks conquer Byzantine territory in Asia Minor, cross into Europe and begin conquest of Balkans. Byzantine Empire reduced to a vassal state c.1350-1600: Songhay Empire in Africa c.1366-1440: Rise of Flemish Art c.1367-1519:Aztec Empire in Mexico 1368-1644: Ming Dynasty in China, ends Mongol rule c.1370-1390: Piers Plowman 1375: Hanseatic League dominates trade of Baltic Sea 1378-1414: Great Schism: Rival Popes at Rome and Avignon c.1380: John Wycliffe translates the Bible into English 1380: Venice defeats Genoa, dominates Mediterranean trade 1381: Peasants’ Revolt c.1386: Geoffrey Chaucer’s Canterbury Tales begun c.1390-1402: Christine de Pisan’s City of Women, Treasure of the City of Ladies 1395-1402: Giangaleazzo Visconti of Milan attempts conquest of Italy 1396: Ottoman Turks defeat Crusaders at Nicopolis 1397: Medici bank founded at Florence FIFTEENTH CENTURY CE:The Italian Renaissance c.1401: Leonardo Bruni popularizes the term “Humanitas” or Humanism c.1405-1471: Leon Battista Alberti, author of On Architecture , On Painting 1412-1431: St. Joan of Arc defeats the English, restores French monarchy 1413-1416: Limbourg brothers’ “Tres Riches Heures du Duc de Berri” 1414: Council of Constance ends Great Schism, Papacy returns to Rome 1415: Jan Hus burnt at the stake for heresy 1420-1436: Filippo Brunelleschi’s Dome, Cathedral of Santa Maria del Fiore at Florence c.1425-1442: Donatello’s ‘David”: first major classical nude sculpture of the Renaissance c.1427: Masaccio’s “The Tribute Money” and Brancacci Chapel frescoes at Florence c.1434-1477: Duchy of Burgundy at height of its power under Valois Dukes 1434-1494: Medici rule at Florence c.1435: Lorenzo Ghiberti’s “Gates of Paradise” doors of Baptistery at Florence 1438-1439: Council of Florence. Temporary union of Orthodox and Catholic churches 1438-1538: Inca Empire in South America 1438-1806: House of Habsburg rules remains of Holy Roman Empire 1452-1519: Leonardo Da Vinci, painter, inventor, scientist c.1453: Gutenberg and others (Furst, Schaffer) invent Moveable Type Printing 1453: Ottoman Turks conquer Constantinople, end East Roman (Byzantine) Empire 1454: Peace of Lodi temporarily establishes peace among Italian states c.1455: Piero della Francesca’s frescoes for San Francesco, Arezzo 1455-1485:Wars of the Roses in England, civil war between Lancaster and York families 1458-1464:Reign of Humanist Pope Pius II (Aeneas Silvius Piccolomini) 1461: End of the Hundred Years’ War 1461-1483:Reign of King Louis IX of France, who defeats and conquers Burgundy 1462: Marsilio Ficino founds Platonic Academy at Florence 1465: First printed books in Italy 1478: Spanish Inquisition established 1478-1492: Reign of Lorenzo il Magnifico (‘The Magnificent”) de Medici at Florence 1479-1516: Reign of Ferdinand and Isabella who unite Spanish monarchy 1480: Sandro Botticelli’s “The Birth of Venus” 1480: Ivan III of Moscow is crowned Tsar (Emperor, Caesar) of Russia 1484: William Caxton prints Malory’s Morte d’Arthur. Durer’s “Self Portrait” 1485-1509:Reign of Henry VII, who establishes Tudor dynasty (1485-1603) in England 1486: Giovanni Pico della Mirandola’s Oration (“On the Dignity of Man”) 1488: Bartolomeu Diaz rounds the Cape of Good Hope in Africa 1492: Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain conquer Granada, last Muslim state in Spain Christopher Columbus voyages to the New World 1492-1503:Pope Alexander VI (Rodrigo Borgia) and his son Cesare Borgia (Duke Valentino) attempt conquest of Italy 1494: French King Charles VIII invades Italy, drives Medici out of Florence Treaty of Tordesillas divides world between Spain and Portugal 1494-1497:Dominican preacher Girolamo Savonarola controls Florence c.1495-1498: Leonardo Da Vinci’s “Last Supper” 1497-1499: Vasco da Gama’s voyage from Portugal to India and back via Africa 1499: King Louis XII of France invades Italy Yüklə 55,5 Kb. Dostları ilə paylaş:
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