Sex sex the biological distinctions between females and males

SEX

• SEX

• THE BIOLOGICAL DISTINCTIONS BETWEEN FEMALES AND MALES

• GENDER

• PERSONAL TRAITS AND SOCIAL POSITIONS THAT MEMBERS OF A SOCIETY ATTACH TO BEING FEMALE AND MALE

• DIFFERENCES

• BIOLOGICALLY BASED
• SOCIOLOGICALLY BASED

Gender, not biology, determines the roles of males and females

• Gender, not biology, determines the roles of males and females

• Belief in gender roles results in power distribution between the sexes

Role- socially or culturally defined behavioral expectation that is presumed to apply to all individuals in a category.

• Role- socially or culturally defined behavioral expectation that is presumed to apply to all individuals in a category.

• Gender Roles-specific behaviors and attitudes associated with and established for men and women. Being masculine or feminine means displaying these roles appropriate for a person’s biological sex.

DOL-Individuals specialize to perform economic tasks

• DOL-Individuals specialize to perform economic tasks

• Men and women expected to do different work

• Men- economic support and safety

• Women- childcare, domestic * changing in US

THE ISRAELI KIBBUTZIM

• THE ISRAELI KIBBUTZIM

• RAISING CHILDREN IN AN EVIRONMENT IN WHICH SEX MADE NO DIFFERENCE

• MARGARET MEAD’S RESEARCH

• IS SEX LINKED TO A SPECIFIC, UNIVERSAL SOCIAL DISTINY?
• STUDIES FOUND
• ARAPESH
• MUNDUGUMOR
• TCHAMBULI

• FAFAFUNGIE OF TONGA

• NIUE NEW ZEALAND

• FULNAI NORTH AFRICA

SELECTIVE ABORTION

• SELECTIVE ABORTION

• SOCIALIZATION BEGINS AT BIRTH-IS IT A BOY OR GIRL?

• COLOR-CODING GENDER

• HANDLING OF CHILDREN

• BE A GOOD “LITTLE MAN” “ACT LADY LIKE”

• NURSERY RHYMES

• IT’S OK TO BE A TOM-BOY

• WHY WOULDN’T A GIRL WANT TO BE A BOY?
• BUT, WHAT IF A BOY ACTS TOO MUCH LIKE A GIRL?

HIGH SCHOOL

• HIGH SCHOOL

• GIRLS
• SECRETARIAL, VOCATIONAL, ENGLISH, THE ARTS, AND HOME ECONOMICS
• BOYS
• MATH, SCIENCE, WOODWORKING AND AUTOMECHANICS ATTRACT BOYS

• COLLEGE

• MEN
• MATHEMATICS AND HARD SCIENCES
• WOMEN
• THE HUMANITIES, FINE ARTS, AND THE SOCIAL SCIENCES

PEER GROUPS USE NORMATIVE CONCEPTIONS OF GENDER

• PEER GROUPS USE NORMATIVE CONCEPTIONS OF GENDER

• PRESSURES TO TAKE PART IN BEHAVIORS THAT ARE NORMATIVE TO AGE AND GENDER

• GAMES WITH SERIOUS IMPLICATIONS

• BOYS
• “VICTORY” TEAM SPORTS
• GIRLS
• “COOPERATIVE” GAMING

WHITE MALES HAVE CENTER STAGE

• WHITE MALES HAVE CENTER STAGE

• MINORITIES OF ALL KINDS LOCKED OUT

• WOMEN RECEIVE ROLES BASED ON SEX APPEAL

• THE “BEAUTY MYTH”

• EATING DISORDERS
• EMOTIONAL STRESS
• IDEAL IMAGING

A former Ralph Lauren model Filippa Hamilton, whose image in a roundly criticized advertisement was digitally slenderized said …that the apparel maker did not renew her contract because she was “too large.”

• A former Ralph Lauren model Filippa Hamilton, whose image in a roundly criticized advertisement was digitally slenderized said …that the apparel maker did not renew her contract because she was “too large.”

Gender Stereotyping in advertisements

• Gender Stereotyping in advertisements

MATRIARCHY

• MATRIARCHY

• INEVITABILITY OF PATRIARCHY?

• IS BIOLOGY DESTINY? SHOULD WOMEN RULE?
• MARGARET MEAD’S TACHAMBULI
• MOSUO IN SOUTH EAST CHINA

Sexism- belief that by nature one sex is superior to the other

• Sexism- belief that by nature one sex is superior to the other

• Misogyny- hate women-believe them inferior

• Misandry- hate men-believe them inferior

• Men historically had the country and economy and have accepted this as the norm

• Creation of self-fulfilling prophecy

• 1. Male choices are based on beliefs so beliefs are reinforced

• 2. Men often do not accept women in powerful positions

• 3. Women often do not attempt to gain powerful positions

• SOCIOLOGISTS INTERESTED IN THE INEQUALITY OF MEN AND WOMEN IN THE D.O.L.

• ERNESTINE FRIEDL’S THEORY

• Power is based on who exchanges goods with non-family members. Men are the ones normally in this position

• HUNTER-GATHERS: men hunted, women gathered food used for family while hunted food was shared

• Inuet (Eskimo)

• Washo Indians

• 3. Hadza Tanzania

HISTORY IN THE HOME

• HISTORY IN THE HOME

• Women have historically worked in the home in industrial societies

• CHANGES TODAY

• People are living longer; most of adult life is no longer spent in child care

• Jobs are no longer (necessarily) too difficult physically for women

• CONFLICT THEORISTS

• claim gender roles are a reflection of male dominance

• Males control money, power, and law

Number of women in college has risen from being underrepresented to outnumbering men since 1980

• Number of women in college has risen from being underrepresented to outnumbering men since 1980

• As of 2006:

• Bachelors degrees Men 43% -Women 57%
• Masters degrees Men 41%- Women 59%

• Ph. D’s- 2001-2006 women earned more Ph.D.’s than men in Humanities, social science, education, and life sciences

• Women are less likely to pursue professional and doctoral degrees in engineering, science (women earn 24% of science Ph.D.’s)

• Major in areas that lead to low paying jobs- humanities or become Nurses instead of Doctors

Majority 59.5% of women over age 16-work but in low paying, low status jobs

• Majority 59.5% of women over age 16-work but in low paying, low status jobs

• 1. 2005- Median female income $31,858 a year
• 2.2005- Median male income $ 41,386 a year
• 3. $0.77 on every male dollar

• Sometimes women will earn less for the same job

• Feminization of Poverty

• Feb 2009 New York Times reported Recession “Women are poised to surpass men on the nation’s payrolls, taking the majority for the first time in American history.”

• 82% of job losses have been men

The Economist- Report on Oppertunities for Women World Wide

• The Economist- Report on Oppertunities for Women World Wide

THE MILITARY

• THE MILITARY

• 14-15% OF THE ARMED FORECES ACTIVE AND RESERVE WERE WOMEN IN 2008
• THE COAST GUARD OPENS ALL ASSIGNMENTS TO WOMEN
• THE UNTIED STATES MARINE CORPS DENIES ACCESS TO TWO-THIRDS OF ITS MILITARY OCCUPATIONAL FIELDS

Women are 50% of voting population, yet men have the majority of elected positions (2009)

• Women are 50% of voting population, yet men have the majority of elected positions (2009)

• 112th congress 17% Women

• 1. Senate 17 Serving =17%

• 2. Representatives 75

• serving=17%

• 3. State Governors 6= 12%

• Worldwide- only 18.6% of seats in world parliaments

• THESE NUMBERS ARE GROWING BUT STILL ARE FAR FROM EQUAL

• Global Stats for Women in Parliaments

GIVEN THE ECONOMIC REALITIES, WOMEN CERTAINLY QUALIFY

• GIVEN THE ECONOMIC REALITIES, WOMEN CERTAINLY QUALIFY

• AT ALL LEVELS IN THE CLASS SYSTEM, WOMEN HAVE:

• LESS INCOME
• LESS WEALTH
• LESS POWER THAN MEN

• PATRIARCHY PROVIDES WOMEN WITH SOCIAL STANDING, FIRST THEIR, AND THEN THEIR HUSBANDS

• ADDRESSING A LETTER

IN THE HOME

• IN THE HOME

• SOME WOMEN BELIEVE THAT A “RAPE CULTURE” EXISTS IN AMERICA

• IN PUBLIC

• SEXUAL ‘WHISTLING” AND OTHER FORMS OF HARASSMENT AWAIT WOMEN ON STREETS

• THE WORKPLACE

• SEXUAL HARASSMENT REMAINS PROBLEMATIC FOR WOMEN

• PORNOGRAPHY

• POWER ISSUE WHICH MAY TELL MEN IT’S OK TO OBJECTIFY WOMEN

STRUCTURAL-FUNCTIONALISM

• STRUCTURAL-FUNCTIONALISM

• MEN, WOMEN, AND THE FUNCTIONALITY OF CLEAR-CUT GENDER ROLES

• SOCIAL CONFLICT

• WOMEN, CLASS POSITION, AND CAPITALISM

• SYMBOLIC INTERACTIONISM

• GENDER AND LANGUAGE USEAGE

IMPORTANCE OF CHANGE

• IMPORTANCE OF CHANGE

• EXPANSION OF HUMAN CHOICE

• NO GENDER STRATIFICATION

• EQUALITY UNDER THE LAW

• ENDING SEXUAL VIOLENCE

• SEXUAL AUTONOMY

LIBERAL FEMINISM

• LIBERAL FEMINISM

• HUMANITARIAN-LIKE THINKING

• SOCIALIST FEMINISM

• BELIEF IN SOCIALIST REVOLUTION

• RADICAL FEMINISM

• ELIMINATE IDEA OF GENDER
• EGALITARIAN, GENDER-FREE REVOLUTION

• OPPOSITION TO FEMINISM

• MOST IS DIRECTED TOWARD SOCIALIST AND RADICAL FEMINIST GROUPS
• GENERALLY, MEN DO NOT WANT TO GIVE UP THEIR STATUS. WHO REALLY WOULD?