ISSN 2367-5721
SocioBrains
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OCIO
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RAINS.COM
PUBLISHER: “SMART IDEAS – WISE DECISIONS” Ltd., BULGARIA
ISSUE 22, JUNE 2016
SONYA ILIEVA 1 - 27
1
RACE - ETNOS - PEOPLE - NATION.
Lecture for students studying the course "Sociology".
s
onya
i
lieva
Professor DSc
at Konstantin Preslavsky – University of Shumen
Pedagogical faculty,
Department of Social Work
BULGARIA
sonyailievaa@gmail.com
ABSTRACT:
Through this lecture students should know and learn the basic
knowledge to distinguish the concepts of Race, Ethnos, People Nation, and
their manifestations in theoretical and practical aspect. The aim is to build their
critical attitude towards the surrounding reality and evaluative nature of
political and social events associated with the issue terms.
KEYWORDS:
race, racism, racial discrimination, anti-Semitism, the Holocaust, the
Ku Klux Klan, apartheid, ethnicity, assimilation, segregation, integration,
genocide, ethnic cleansing, people, state nation, nationality, Bulgarian
nationality, nation, nationalism, national ideal, national interests, patriotism,
chauvinism, superpower chauvinism, jingoism, Zionism, Serbo chauvinism, Greek
chauvinism - Megale Idea
The human society evolves globalistic. In this aspect blurs the concept of nation, people,
ethnicity and race. For most people people and nation coincide, because choosing to be part of
the nation defined by the people in which they were born. For example, a Bulgarian-born and
emigrated to Spain, it is part of the Bulgarian people, but he chose the Spanish nation. Even
such a man says he feels Bulgarian and treasured for Bulgarian interests, he is now part of the
Spanish nation because develop the Spanish economy with their labor, and that's a basic
national interest.
On the other hand the assumption that nation and state are two faces of the same coin,
too, is a mistake. Only about one-nation states, such as Bulgaria and is valid that nation and
citizenship coincide. For multinational countries such as Russia, this is not so.
Breeds of such delusions generally accepted in the public mind is necessary concepts
race, ethnicity, people and nation be distinguished from a sociological point of view.
1.
2.
Race
The concept of race can be explained by several different languages: French - race, in
Italian – razza (tribe), and in Arabic - ra's (beginning, root), by moisture meaning of head
start, origin. Usually used to categorize humans into large separate populations or groups
heritable phenotypic characteristics - the set of all visible signs of an organism, developed as
a result of a specific genotype (genetic program) and the influence of environmental factors
(morphologically and physiologically, such as color of skin, eyes and hair, height and
construction of the body, etc.). and common origin.
Phenotype concept formulated by Danish
botanist, physiologist and geneticist VILHELM YOHANSON at the beginning of XX
century.
ISSN 2367-5721
SocioBrains
INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC REFEREED INDEXED ONLINE JOURNAL WITH IMPACT FACTOR
WWW.
S
OCIO
B
RAINS.COM
PUBLISHER: “SMART IDEAS – WISE DECISIONS” Ltd., BULGARIA
ISSUE 22, JUNE 2016
SONYA ILIEVA 1 - 27
2
The application of the concept of race to the
human species is arbitrary and its
definition is controversial, since it's usually on the concept superimpose different political and
sociological concepts. The people who inhabit the earth belong to a single species - Homo
sapiens, which is divided on some common characteristics - phenotypes of smaller units
called races.
In the course of socio-historical development of mankind is united for later or longer in
social groups with one or another racial composition. On this basis, the races began to come
into contact with one another and to mix. In this mixing was done not only on the border of
the occupied territory of the races, as with animal varieties, but also on the entire territory of
the social group. As a result of this process in human racial differences do not deepen, and
gradually erased contrary to the animals, which varieties are more and more moving away
from each other, and finally evolve into new species.
Each race arose and developed on a specific area. Later, however, with the gradual
improvement of material production in larger or smaller rasovisastavki began to be displaced
in neighboring and even in very remote areas. In some cases whole racial formations lagged
behind initially occupied territories and settled in other territories. So human races contrary to
animal varieties are typical tear and change in relevant areas.
For contemporary sociology is of utmost importance for understanding social races,
which presupposes social absolutism and distortions of biological conception of races. They
suggest racial consciousness - an explanation of the differences between people based on their
racial nature. Racially prejudiced people perceive its superiority over other races based solely
on racial differences. This appear different based racist practices: different approach in hiring,
wages, receiving education, the exercise of political rights, restrictions on movement and
others.
In this context should be provided so-called. School of scientific racism, whose most
prominent representatives are Earl ZHOZE DYO GOBINO, HUSTAN CHEMBARLANE,
ALFRED ROSENBERG and others.
By studying and explaining human races is focusing on science Anthropology (from
Greek Άνθπωπορ - human) - generally defined as the science of man and mankind, the origins
and the resettlements of human beings in kinship systems and their cultural practices and
behavior.
In science intertwine two basic concepts of anthropologists about the origin of the races
of those monofilistite and polifilistite.
The number of signs in which the races differ about 100. But researchers -
anthropologists united mainly about these racial signs:
1. Morphological signs - refer to the external appearance and internal structure of man:
the color of skin, hair and iris - depends on the amount of contained therein pigment; form of
hair - straight, wavy and curly; shape of the skull – long, medium or wide; index is defined in
the head, i.e. the ratio of the greatest width and the greatest length; height - the height of the
body; other signs - kind of a person, according to the zygomatic bone - flat or wide; size of
the nose, lips, cochlea and others.
2. Physiological signs - They studied less than morphological. They are: rhythm of
growth - different for different races; the growth of the body is different for different races,
for example - blacks and the Chinese grow very rapidly from birth to age 7, after which
growth slows, contrary to evropeoidnite that grow most rapidly between 7 and 15 years; basic
metabolism - in evropeoidnite it is higher than the Chinese, but is lower in comparison to that
of Eskimos; skin secretion - In the skin of blacks contain more sweat glands than the skin of