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Ethnic tolerance – (from English toleration – patience, tolerance, application,
admission). It is expressed in behaviors, approaches, ways of support, understanding
and non-discrimination between ethnic groups in a national society or within different
societies. Ethnic tolerance promote stability, respect for different ethnic groups and their
decisions, opinions, attitudes. It is related to an objective evaluation of the various
ethnic communities and their actions. Tolerance is harmony in difference. It is not only
a moral duty but also a political and legal requirement, It is recognition of the right and
freedom of others to be as they are to look different, think and create freely. The main
thing is to respect their identity. Or is widespread maxim: Treat others as you would
have them treat you. People differ naturally in their appearance, situation, speech,
behavior and values, have the right to live in agreement and simultaneously preserve
their individuality. It also means that one's views can not be imposed on others.
Ethnic intolerance (xenophobia) – from Greek
ξένορ – unknown, stranger and
θόβορ –
fear - means a permanent underlined hatred, fear or hostility towards foreign things
usually people, but also accepted foreign cultural units - artifacts, ideas and more. Such
feelings and actions affect and generate hostility towards one or more ethnic groups to
varying degrees. Ethnic intolerance may concern: ethnic hatred, ethnic conflict,
discrimination, racism, ethnic nationalism.
Ethnocentrism - This is the tendency to look at the world primarily in terms of their
culture, and to downgrade all other groups outside their culture. So any be assessed
solely in the standards of their own culture in their own cultural practices, defining as
the only correct. In this context, ethnocentrism is associated with nationalism examining
their own nation as superior to others and often proclaims it as a superior race, nation or
divine God's Chosen People. By ethnocentrism is to saototnasyat various social
phenomena to the usual and considered endemic to the ethnic group characteristics.
These are unconscious practices that are judged others and different, whether it be
ethnic groups or individuals. Individuals whose conduct is at odds with these ideas are
discredited and treated differently, sometimes as a marginal types.
Ethnic minorities – The term refers to that portion of any society which is not a social
majority, i.e. those who hold the majority of positions of social power in society. An
ethnic minority in a nation-state has the following characteristics: 1. It is numerically
smaller than the other inhabitants of the country or part of the state; 2. It is not
dominant; 3. Is culture, language, religion, race, etc. distinct from that of the majority of
the population; 4. The members are willing to maintain their specificity; 5. members are
citizens of the country where they have minority status; 6. have a long-term presence in
the territory where he lived.
Ethnocracy - type of political regime in which the state apparatus is assigned by the
dominant ethnic group, mostly hidden behind the "thin" democratic facade. Usually it is
the key to securing energy resources and power. An ethnocracy facilitates etnizatsiya
the state of the dominant group, by expanding control, often through conflict with
minorities and neighboring countries. A comprehensive model of etnokratichen standby
mode is first formulated by political and legal terms of Ouray IFTACHAL in a series of
articles and books. As a typical example the author gives Israel, Ireland, Sri Lanka,
Malaysia and others. He named ethnocracy in Israel "settler ethnocracy. In November
2014 the Israeli government approved a bill declaring Israel to be a "Jewish state."
Countries of this type tend to be unstable in the long term and suffer from recurring
conflicts and crises. Ethnocracy are characterized by specific control system - the legal,
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institutional and physical instruments of power are considered necessary to ensure
ethnic superiority. They differ mono ethnocracy - where one ethnic group dominates
and skirts ethnocracy - where more than one ethnic group controls the state.
Ethnic tensions – They represent the state of hostility, distrust, mutual claims and
dissatisfaction occurs or may occur periodically among all ethnic groups living in one
country or ethnic groups of neighboring countries. Phenomena and processes that have
significant influence on the formation of inter-ethnic tensions could be: 1. The lack of a
consistent policy of condemnation and suppression of acts of ethnic violence; 2. The
sense of national enmity towards those nationalities in terms of population in many
regions, live better and different. The consequences of ethnic tension can be represented
mainly in the following categories: assimilation, segregation, integration, genocide and
holocaust.
Assimilation
Usually this term is used to describe the absorption of different cultures in which one
ethnocultural group voluntarily or not adapted to the customs and values, lifestyles of the
dominant culture in societies in which it is located. This is a process in which part of the
society or an entire ethnicity lose their traits and replace them with other, mostly borrowed
from another ethnicity - usually dominant in society. After several generations in such
assimilation members of minority groups tend to become culturally and even physically
indistinguishable in the local population.
In politics - absorption, assimilation of one ethnicity (people of other ethnicity), people
or language. Derived from Latin - assimilation – assimilation, absorption, ingestion.
The assimilation can be:
Voluntary Assimilation - Infatuation with other more developed and attractive culture,
assisted by between national and confessional marriages. In this case digested ethnicity
is forced to live by the standards of the dominant ethnic culture. An example of this is
the imposition of the Latin language and culture, gradually and voluntarily accepted by
the conquered peoples of the Roman Empire.
A compulsory (forced) assimilation – Following the conquest, extermination, external
migration and others. Forced assimilation can lead to feelings of inferiority, self-
condemnation and self-hatred, etc. It is explained by the desire for psychological
defense against possible aggression and enhancing positive image. Here again is an
example of the Roman Empire - it imposes Hellenistic culture among the conquered
peoples and ethnicities.
Segregation
Segregation (from Latin
segregatio — separation, excommunications of whole) It is an
example of an isolated, independent existence of ethnic cultures. Mostly understood as
isolating racial groups in different locations and restriction of their right to move freely, to
enter into mixed marriages and others. Within a society can at the behest of the overwhelming
majority, are looking for ways to eliminate some minority groups various public positions.
Segregation occurs in all parts of the world, where different races communities instance,
Jews across Europe were forced to live in highly segregated ghettos. This segregation is
spreading across Europe during the XIV and XV. In the Russian Empire, they were limited to
so-called. Pale of Settlement - which represents the western border of the Russian Empire,
corresponding roughly to today's countries Poland, Lithuania, Belarus, Moldova and Ukraine.