Soviet Union Robotic Missions Luna Program

Soviet Union Robotic Missions

• Luna Program

• Luna 1 1959 success (flyby)
• Luna 2 1959 success (impactor)
• Luna 3 1959 success (flyby)
• Luna 4 1963 partial failure (lander -> probe)
• Luna 5 -8 1965 failure (lander)
• Luna 9 1966 success (lander)
• Luna 10 1966 success (orbiter)
• Luna 11 1966 success (orbiter)
• Luna 12 1966-67 success (orbiter)
• Luna 13 1966 success (lander)
• Luna 14 1968 success (orbiter)
• Luna 15 1969 partial success (orbiter)
• Luna 16 1970 success (sample return)
• Luna 17 1970 success (lander)
• Lunokhod 1 1970-71 success (rover)
• Luna 19 1971-72 success (orbiter)
• Luna 20 1972 success (lander)
• Luna 21 1973 success (lander)
• Lunokhod 2 1973 success (rover)
• Luna 22 1974-75 success (orbiter)
• Luna 24 1976 success (lander)

Soviet Union Robotic Missions

• Luna Program

• Luna 1 1959 success (flyby)
• Luna 2 1959 success (impactor)
• Luna 3 1959 success (flyby)
• Luna 4 1963 partial failure (lander -> probe)
• Luna 5 -8 1965 failure (lander)
• Luna 9 1966 success (lander)
• Luna 10 1966 success (orbiter)
• Luna 11 1966 success (orbiter)
• Luna 12 1966-67 success (orbiter)
• Luna 13 1966 success (lander)
• Luna 14 1968 success (orbiter)
• Luna 15 1969 partial success (orbiter)
• Luna 16 1970 success (sample return)
• Luna 17 1970 success (lander)
• Lunokhod 1 1970-71 success (rover)
• Luna 19 1971-72 success (orbiter)
• Luna 20 1972 success (lander)
• Luna 21 1973 success (lander)
• Lunokhod 2 1973 success (rover)
• Luna 22 1974-75 success (orbiter)
• Luna 24 1976 success (lander)

Luna 1

• First spacecraft to reach the Moon

• Hermetically sealed sphere with external sensors

• Cosmic ray counter
• Equipment to register the intensity of cosmic rays and a recorder for photons in cosmic radiation.
• Geiger counter
• Scintillation counter (measures ionizing radiation)
• All electrical equipment was powered off silver-zink and mercury oxide batteries.
• Total mass 361.3 kilograms

Luna 9

• First spacecraft to achieve a lunar soft landing

• Achieved landing where Luna 5 – 8 did not, landed about 4 months before Surveyor 1
• Two stage system
• Launch platform used an airbag system for Lander impact
• Lander
• 4 petals opened to right the lander and used as reflectors
• Center cylinder housed and angled mirror used for a periscope to reflect a view of the Moon’s surface.

Luna 17 / Lunokhod 1

• First to land a robotic rover

• Luna 17 based off Luna 16 transported Lunokhod 1 instead of Luna 16’s sample return spacecraft
• Lunokhod 1 first robotic vehicle to operate on the Moon’s surface
• Eight independent motorized wire-mesh wheels
• Lid contained solar cell array to recharge batteries
• Two man driving team via a pair of tv cameras
• Special device to impact lunar soil for density and mechanical property tests
• Included x-ray spectrometer, an x-ray telescope, cosmic-ray detectors, and a laser device

Zond 5

• First spacecraft to loop around the moon and return to earth

• Carried higher resolution cameras for far side moon shots and far earth shots
• Carried a biological payload.
• Turtles, Wine flies, and meal worms
• Plants, seeds , and bacteria
• Was believed to be a test for future manned Moon missions

U.S. Missions

• Pioneer Program

• Pioneer 0 1958 failure (orbiter)
• Pioneer 1 1958 failure (orbiter)
• Pioneer 3 1958 failure (flyby)
• Pioneer 4 1959 partial success (flyby)

U.S. Missions Cont.

• Lunar Orbiter Program

• Lunar Orbiter 1 1966 success (orbiter)
• Lunar Orbiter 2 1966-67 success (orbiter)
• Lunar Orbiter 3 1967 success (orbiter)
• Lunar Orbiter 4 1967 success (orbiter)
• Lunar Orbiter 5 1968 success (orbiter)

U.S. Missions

• Pioneer Program

• Pioneer 0 1958 failure (orbiter)
• Pioneer 1 1958 failure (orbiter)
• Pioneer 3 1958 failure (flyby)
• Pioneer 4 1959 partial success (flyby)

U.S. Missions Cont.

• Lunar Orbiter Program

• Lunar Orbiter 1 1966 success (orbiter)
• Lunar Orbiter 2 1966-67 success (orbiter)
• Lunar Orbiter 3 1967 success (orbiter)
• Lunar Orbiter 4 1967 success (orbiter)
• Lunar Orbiter 5 1968 success (orbiter)

Ranger 7

• First true successful U.S. spacecraft to return data prior to impact

• Shares the same structure design as Ranger 6, 8, and 9
• Carried a wide array of cameras to capture images prior to impact
• 6 total cameras
• 2 wide angle
• 4 narrow angle
• Overall height of Ranger 7 was 3.6 m.
• Overall cost of Ranger program ~$170 million

Surveyor 1

• First U.S. Soft landing on the Moon

• First of several landers to obtain data for possible man mission
• Carried very little scientific instrumentation
• Over 100 engineering sensors on board

Surveyor 6

• Continued softlanding U.S. spacecraft

• 4th Surveyor to land safely on the moon
• Carried very simular equipment as its predacesors but added an improved tv camera
• Overall cost of the Surveyor program 469 million

Lunar Orbiter 1

• Information gathering program on landing sites and general research

• Designed to photograph smooth areas of the lunar surface
• First of 5 Orbiters that photographed 99% of the moons surface
• Total cost of the Lunar Orbiters program $163 Million

Questions ?

References

• www.Wikipedia.org

• http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov

• www.zarya.info

• www.Dkimages.com

• www.google.com