Robert Kirk rkirk@tsginc.com World Bank-BFA Workshop Hainan, China, June 26-27,2006
Rules of Origin – Rules of Origin – Definition Approaches to ROO Impact on ASEAN of ROO Standards – Standards as a trade issue Multilateral and Regional Approaches
Wholly Obtained Substantial Transformation - Change of Tariff Classification (CTC)
- Value Added
- Specific Manufacturing Processes
Cumulation (bilateral, diagonal, full) Cumulation (bilateral, diagonal, full) Tolerance or de minimis Duty Drawback
Recent work follows Estevadeordal (2000) Recent work follows Estevadeordal (2000) Index of Restrictiveness CTC at HS 8-10 digit CTC at HS 6 digit CTC at HS 6 digit plus value content CTC at HS 4 digit CTC at HS 4 digit plus value content CTC at HS 2 digit level CTC at the HS 2 digit and Technical Requirements
EU- Pan Euro/GSP/Cotonou EU- Pan Euro/GSP/Cotonou CTC (4,2) VA (import content 50-30), Tech Cumulation (bilateral, diagonal, full [Cotonou] Tolerance (10, 10, 15 [Cotonou]), Absorption NAFTA CTC (2,4,6),VA (import content 50-40),Tech Cumulation, Tolerance (7), Absorption
AFTA AFTA Value Added (import content 60 per cent) Selected Specific Manufacturing Process Bilateral Cumulation Absorption
Administrative compliance costs Administrative compliance costs Weak capacity for verification Difficult for New ASEAN Members (CLMV) Lack of certainty
“The real 21st Century issues are standards and rules in areas such as safety, health or consumer protection” “The real 21st Century issues are standards and rules in areas such as safety, health or consumer protection”
Pascal Lamy September 9, 2004
Decline in tariffs Decline in tariffs Increase in standards and technical regulations-potential to use as a ‘tool of protection’ Contrast with tariffs-technical regulations serve a ‘desirable’ objective and cannot be negotiated away WTO TBT and SPS Agreements
Most Favoured Nation Most Favoured Nation National Treatment Technical Regulations (as far as possible) based on international standards Transparent process
Establishing the standard (technical experts) Establishing the standard (technical experts) Ensuring goods and services meet the standard (conformity assessment) Ensuring conformity assessment functions well –accreditation and recognition
Traditional Approach Traditional Approach Weights and Measures and Health & Safety Static Structure Domestic Focus Public Sector Activity Regulatory Focus
ASEAN Consultative Committee on Standards and Quality (ACCSQ) ASEAN Consultative Committee on Standards and Quality (ACCSQ) Institutional Structure (12 sub committees) Goal of ‘One Standard, One Test, Accepted Everywhere’ Upgrade to international standards AFTA Council identified 20 products as priorities for standards harmonization (1997-2005) Main Focus now on Mutual Recognition Agreements (MRA)
Limited in Scope –product group approach Limited in Scope –product group approach The Pre-Conditions for equivalence between national systems Automaticity: What is recognized at the individual level and what are the entry requirements (pre-market approval)
Inadequate legal framework Inadequate legal framework Deficient institutional coordination Lack of awareness on quality issues No accreditation infrastructure Weak WTO Enquiry points
Rules of Origin Rules of Origin Standards Use regional agreements to support effective implementation of multilateral agreements
Dostları ilə paylaş: |