– 940 –
Journal of Siberian Federal University. Humanities & Social Sciences 6 (2010 3) 940-950
~ ~ ~
УДК 332.1
Strategy of Siberia’s Development:
from Resource Economy to Innovation Economy
Viktor I. Suslov*
Institute of Economics and Industrial Engineering,
Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences
17 Lavrentyeva, Novosibirsk, 630090 Russia
1
Received 3.12.2010, received in revised form 10.12.2010, accepted 17.12.2010
The article presents a genesis of the notion “Siberia” and defines two main characteristics of a region
with a resource economy: (1) outflow of capital and lag in living standards of the population, (2)
degradation of the economy without its timely diversification. The article also describes channels of
capital export from Siberia and defines strategic objectives for the development of Siberia’s economy
in line with Russia’s development strategy. It points out specific features and issues of the establishment
of Russian and, in particular, Siberian innovative economy.
Keywords: strategy, goals and objectives, Russia, Siberia, innovations, natural resources, fundamental
science.
* Corresponding author E-mail address: suslov@ieie.nsc.ru
1
© Siberian Federal University. All rights reserved
Genesis of Perceptions
of Siberia (see Fig. 1).
A rather intensive exploration of Siberia by
the East Slavs began at the end of the 16
th
century,
100 years before Yermak’s campaign. Up to the
end of the 19
th
century Siberia meant all the
territory from the Urals to the Pacific Ocean (this
comprehension of Siberia notion is registered in
the Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary
published in 1890-1907). However, this is the way
Siberia is still understood in the most Western
countries today.
In the second half of the 19
th
century, the
notion of the Far East started to take shape. In
1689 the Treaty of Nerchinsk (Nerchinsk at the
time was the capital of all Transbaikalia, up
to the Pacific Ocean) brought the border with
China from the Amur River’s streamhead, at
the junction of the Shilka River with the Argun
River, to the North and North-East towards the
Shantar Islands (400 km north-westward of the
Amur River’s mouth). The border returned to the
present state in 1858 with the Treaty of Aigun
(Aigun – Aihui in the Chinese pronunciation – an
ancient part of Heihe, a Chinese city opposite to
Blagoveshchensk), which to the present day the
Chinese call “unequal” (in a bad translation, in
the original – illegitimate). That year Khabarovsk
was founded, two years later – Vladivostok. In
1867 Alaska was sold (for 7.2 million dollars,
with the annual budget expenditure of Russia
being 200 million), which together with the
Aleutian Islands also belonged to Siberia then.
That was done in order not to “disperse” but to
concentrate on protecting Russian interests in
the Far East.
– 941 –
Viktor I. Suslov. Strategy of Siberia’s Development: from Resource Economy to Innovation Economy
Only in the 1930s the Far Eastern Economic
Region was created; it included the present-day
Chukotskiy Autonomous District, Kamchatskiy
Krai, Magadanskaya, Sakhalinskaya and
Amurskaya Oblast, Khabarovskiy and Primorskiy
Krai. In the early 1960s Yakutia was “transferred”
from Siberia to the Far East. In 1957, when the
Siberia Department of the USSR Academy of
Sciences was being organised, Yakutia was still
part of Siberia and fell under (and still remains
there) the authority of the Siberia Department
(in the 90s a national Academy of Sciences was
established, but it failed to acquire any significant
authority). The situation did not change with the
creation of the Far East Department of RAS in
1987.
In 2000 Federal Districts were introduced
and Tumenskaya Oblast together with Khanty-
Mansiyskiy (oil) and Yamalo-Nenetskiy (gas)
Autonomous Districts were included in the
Urals Federal District. Siberia “shrank” to the
Siberian Federal District. However, the “attack”
on Siberia was continued. Already in the mid-
1990s Transbaikalia, consisting of Buryatia
and Chtinskaya Oblast, were included in the
Programme of Social andEconomic Development
of the Far East. In 2008 all the Baikal region,
which apart from the Republic of Buryatia
and Transbaikalia Krai comprises Irkutskaya
Oblast, was included in the Far Eastern Strategy
of Development. At the same time, the leading
officials of the Ministry of Regional Development
said that the Baikal Region was not part of the
Siberia Strategy anymore.
Nevertheless, in the strategic planning by
the Institute of Economics and Organisation
of Industrial Production of the Siberia
Department of RAS, Tyumenskaya Oblast,
including the autonomous districts, and – on
some issues – the southern regions of the
Republic of Saha (Yakutia), were and are
regarded as Siberia.
Fig. 1. Genesis of the notion “Siberia”
–
– …?
XVI – XIX
–
30-
XX
–
60- (?)
XX
–
2000
–
2008
–
(+
)
1689 –
,
1858 –
,
1860 –
,
1867 –
Siberia – Siberian Federal District
- …?
1689 – Treaty of Nerchinsk
1858 – Treaty of Aigun
1860 – Vladivostok
1867 – Sale of Alaska
XVI-XIX centuries –
from the Urals to the
Pacific Ocean
30s of XX – the Far
Eastern Economic
District
60s (?) of XX – Yakutia
was made part of the
Far Eastern District
2008 – Baikalsky District was made part of
the Strategy for Development of the Far East
(+ Baikalsky District)
2000 – Tyumen Region and
autonomous districts were
made part of the Ural Federal
District
Moscow
St. Petersburg
– 942 –
Viktor I. Suslov. Strategy of Siberia’s Development: from Resource Economy to Innovation Economy
Resource Character
of Siberia’s Economy
A resource economy is based on the
exploitation of natural resources, that is to say
that a substantial part of it (up to two thirds)
directly or indirectly deals with extraction,
primary processing and transportation of natural
resources. This is an economy of a colonial type
that has two specific characteristics (with rare
exception demonstrated by certain Arab oil-
producing countries).
1. The level of development of the territories
with this type of economy and the standards
of living of the population of these territories
are inadequate (much lower) to their economic
potential.
The fact of the matter is that the export
surplus of such territories is positive and the
excessively huge. According to the balance of
payment conditions that means that the capital in
relatively huge proportions is exported from these
territories (or is concentrated in gold and foreign
currency reserves in sovereign territories). In
other words, financial resources produced here
are not used for social and economic development
and improvement of these territories.
The amount of financial resources being
exported from Siberia is comparable to the
official gross regional product of the region. This
estimate was obtained the following way.
By a calculation made in accordance with
multi-(inter)regional models of the NIS and
Russia, the system of regions is brought to an
economic equilibrium by Walras with zero trade
balance by the regions, i.e. to a condition of
equal interregional exchange. As a result, target
indicators for Siberia are increased by 1.8-2
times.
The main elements of capital export from
Siberia are the following:
a. Export duties. They are fully paid to the
federal budget. The federal budget revenues are
by 25-30 % formed by duties on exported primary
resources.
b. Transfer prices. Extractive units of
vertically integrated companies located in Siberia
sell their product at “laughable” (transfer) prices
to the next branches of companies located outside
Siberia that are part of the vertical integration
chain. That is, the lion’s share of added value is
exported from Siberia.
c. Registration. A large part of taxes,
bypassing the Tax Code, is paid to the budget of
the region where the company is registered. For
big companies developing the natural resources of
Siberia most often that is the budget of Moscow or
St. Petersburg. And an offshore company doesn’t
pay taxes almost at all. Though for Siberia it is all
the same and does not make a difference.
2. A territory with this economy type
(resource, colonial) inevitably degrades: as
resources deplete, the economic activity is phased
down and the region turns into a depressed one.
Of course, the issues of resources development
optimization and nature management improvement
need to be addressed, but one should understand
clearly that without timely diversification such
territories are doomed.
The present-day developed world has many
examples of successful diversification and transit
to a post-industrial economy. Former resource
regions, having gone through a tough period of
depression, are turning or have already turned
into territories whose economy is based on
culture, art, sports, tourism and recreation and
logistics. These types of activities, which were
seen as a load upon an economy in the industrial
age, are becoming the main factor of economic
growth and social-economic development.
For Siberia this issue is not yet so urgent. Its
resource potential is enormous and it is important
to use it properly, first of all, in the interests of
Russia and Siberia itself as an integral (as one
wants to think of it) part of Russia. Over the next
– 943 –
Viktor I. Suslov. Strategy of Siberia’s Development: from Resource Economy to Innovation Economy
15-20 years it is necessary to build the upper
levels of the economy on the base of its resource
potential, to implement the significant science,
technology and innovation potential, and to raise
the level and quality of living of the population.
This is a question of preserving the country’s
territorial integrity.
It is necessary to understand that Russia’s
economy as a whole is also of a resource
character.
Strategic Goals for Russia
For Upcoming 25-30 Years
In the National Security Strategy of
the Russian Federation until 2020, approved
by Decree of the President of the RF # 537
as of May 12, 2009, point 21 states: “The
national interests of the Russian Federation
in the long term consist of the following:
…ensuring the solidity of the constitutional
system, territorial integrity, and sovereignty of
the Russian Federation; transforming the Russian
Federation into a world power, whose activity is
directed at supporting the strategic stability and
mutually beneficial partner relationships within
the multi-polar world”. We should agree with this
wording of the strategic goals. More precisely
they can be defined as the following:
1. Ensuring the territorial integrity of the
country.
This goal is highly relevant as the
accumulated potential of Russia’s disintegration
is oppressively high. This potential is defined by
several factors:
а. Territorial differentiation (as regards
constituent entities of the federation) of macro
indices of the economic development level and
living standards per capita is several times as high
(in accordance with decile variation coefficient)
as in most countries of the world.
b. The transport infrastructure is
underdeveloped, with transportation tariffs
being extremely high, especially on internal
routes which do not pass through terminals of
the capital. Russia’s internal integration transport
and economic ties, especially “short” ones, are
much weaker than they should be.
The line of potential split in Russia now
goes along the boarder between East Siberia
and the Far East. Crossing the line from the
West to the East, a radical reorientation of the
direction of economic ties takes place: from the
western intra-Russian orientation to the eastern
and south-eastern external-economic orientation
(Japan, Korea, China, USA). This line tends to
drift westward.
c.
Imperfection,
underdevelopment,
inconsistency of the Russian federalism allows
many researches to characterize it as “declarative”,
“nominal”, “fictitious” and so on. The budgetary
burden is quite unevenly distributed among the
levels of the budgetary system. The regional level
is extremely overburdened. During the “fat” years
the federal level accumulated a giant surplus,
whereas regional budgets ran on the verge of
deficit, sometimes crossing that line. There are
cases when the relation between the centre and
the regions could be defined as discriminatory
and colonial.
Up to a half of financial resources that
come from Siberia, as mentioned before, are
concentrated without any compensation in the
federal budget.
We can just express satisfaction with the fact
that no strong forces have appeared so far to seek
to realize the disintegration potential. However,
it is impossible not to see that such forces, rather
powerful, are becoming active outside Russia,
especially in certain countries of Asia-Pacific
Region.
It is known that back in the beginning of
the previous century Woodraw Wilson, the 28
th
President of the USA, expressed regret that “the
main prize in the human history – Siberia” went
– 944 –
Viktor I. Suslov. Strategy of Siberia’s Development: from Resource Economy to Innovation Economy
to Russia. Zbigniew Brzezinski, famous political
scientist, forecasted that Russia as a state would
seize to exist by 2012. According to him, it would
most likely break into 6-8 states. Not so long
ago it was widely discussed that the former US
Secretary of State Madeleine Albright allegedly
believes that Russia does not deserve to possess
the Siberian resources. However, this information
was not confirmed afterwards.
The government of Russia and Russian
opinion-makers also tend to create a negative
attitude towards Siberia lately. This is why, for
example, research is conducted proving that
“Siberia is a curse for Russia”.
Talks about a possiblility to sale Siberia
or its part (as Alaska at one time) constantly
appear in the foreign mass media. Even prices
are mentioned. In the early 1990s a scandal was
sparked by the initiative of economist James
Meade, who suggested that the USA shall buy
out all the land to the East from the Yenisei
River and create seven new American States
there.
There is a real threat of China’s demo-
economic expansion. Density of the population
in the boarder zone along the Amur River and
the Ussuri River on China’s side is several times
as high as that on the Russian side. Disturbing
are the results of the recent boarder demarcation
between Russia and China, in accordance with
which a part of territory near Khabarovsk was
given away to China. According to certain
information, Chinese enclaves have emerged
(and continue expanding) in particular Russian
cities of the Far East and they practically fall out
of the Russian jurisdiction.
2. Russia’s entry into the ranks of world
economic leaders
This is a goal that is hard to achieve as it is
impossible to become a world leader only with
oil, gas and nuclear- and thermonuclear-powered
ballistic missiles, and the starting conditions are
extremely poor (of course, they are better now
than in 1920s, but not much).
Russia’s GDP per capita is at an average
world level, 3-4 times as low as world leaders’;
in terms of the human capital quality it is at
the bottom of the countries list (in terms of
life expectancy it ranks 134
th
; death rates of
young and adult men are comparable to those
of the USSR during the WWII); in terms of
the GDP energy intensity it lags behind the
leaders by 2 or more times, which can not be
explained by severe climatic conditions only;
in terms of innovation and labor efficiency in
some industries, the indicators are tens and even
hundreds of times lower.
At the same time, in terms of levels of
corruption, social stratification (by income,
property status and standards of living), suicide
rate, number of plane crashes and road traffic
accidents, bureaucracy etc., Russia is on the top
of the list.
As far as living and urban development
standards are concerned, many Russian towns
have stayed not even in the 20
th
century, but in the
19
th
century (though on the top of a “hut” there
can be a satellite antenna). Roads are worn down
by heavy trucks, as they cause more damage to
earth roads than animal transport. One fifth of
settlements don’t have a telephone line.
Objectives to Achieve
the Strategic Goals
1. First of all we have to recognize as a prime
objective something, which is normally regarded
as a tool, as a means of achieving objectives. That
is about improving legislation. This should be
done because of the neglect, sometimes deliberate,
of this sphere.
“Our legislation is perfectly imperfect”,
as a speaker said at one of the conferences
on perspectives of the Russian economy
development.
– 945 –
Viktor I. Suslov. Strategy of Siberia’s Development: from Resource Economy to Innovation Economy
Especially pressing is the issue of a
fundamental transformation of the system of laws
and regulations that shall hinder “melting” of
authorities and businesses. It seems that the more
they speak about it the worse the situation is.
Here is just one example. What is it: corruption,
monopolism, or cartels’ conspiracy – that while
the prices for primary fuel, raw materials were
falling in 2009, tariffs for the services provided
by state monopolies continued to rise? Moreover,
this increase was supported by the leadership of
the country.
Of equal importance is the development
and improvement of legislation on federalism,
environmental management, taxation and
budgeting. In numerous cases the legislation
acts and law codes overlap, contain gaps and
contradictions. Often they bring about a result
that is directly opposite to the desired one. This
hampers economic growth, innovation, the
development of small and medium enterprises;
social stratification increases along with territorial
differentiation of living standards and economic
development; this also encourages predatory
exploitation of natural resources.
At the same time it is necessary to understand
that even small changes of wording in these laws
and acts “cost” billions of dollars.
2. Large-scale technological transformation
of the economy and social services providing for
the emergence in Russia of brand new goods and
services (including in education and healthcare)
and also allowing to reach the global levels of
labor, resource, energy and capital intensity of
production.
3. A fundamental modernization of
secondary and higher professional education,
which would satisfy the demand in the economy
and social sphere for highly skilled managers,
engineers, technicians, workers, meeting the
requirements of dynamic, effective, innovative
development of a modern society.
4. A priority development of fundamental
science, creating a sound foundation for national
security (including through advanced weapons
systems), guaranteing Russian control over 20-
25 % of macro-technologies and macro-products
and posession of critical technologies for most
kinds of activities. In the long run up to 15-20 %
of Nobel prize winners will be Russian citizens.
5. The creation of a highly efficient innovation
system, transforming scientific knowledge into
new technologies and products, satisfying 15-
25 % of global demand for new science-driven
technologies and products.
6. Economic growth, leading to the doubling
of the GDP every ten years for the next two or
three decades, based on high-tech, high-level
processing of natural resources and consumer-
oriented industries.
7. Two- or threefold (in accordance with
the decile coefficient) reduction of social and
territorial differentiation of living standards.
8. Entry into the top-ten states in terms of
economic development and living standards
indicators (and into the top quartile over 10-15
years).
9. Population growth in Russia (over 25-
30 years) to 160-170 million people, where 50-
75 % of this growth shall be achieved through
immigration. At the same time, the population
of the Asian part of Russia should grow to 35-40
million people.
Means, Mechanisms
and Tools for Achieving
the Objectives
1. An industrial policy, which will define
priorities for regions and industry sectors and
truly stimulate economic growth, technological
modernization, stimulating innovative industries
directed at the national innovative system,
transition to modern forms of industrial
organization.
– 946 –
Viktor I. Suslov. Strategy of Siberia’s Development: from Resource Economy to Innovation Economy
The outlines of such a policy are not hard
to define based on the Russian and foreign
experience. But this would contradict the
principles applied for years by the Ministry of
Finance and some other government agencies.
2. A tax and budget mechanism truly
leveling out the “exorbitant” income and property
status inequalities, the tremendous territorial
differentiation of budget spending and standards
of living across the regions.
Such an industrial policy and tax and budget
mechanism should be elaborated, adopted and,
most importantly, firmly implemented.
Main Priorities
of the State Regional Policy
1. The Far East (The Far Eastern Federal
District).
2. Siberia (Siberian Federal District,
including, for certain issues, the Tumenskaya
Oblast, the autonomous districts in the North of
the Western Siberia and the South of Yakutia).
These macroregions, surrendered to market
forces, have no long-term development prospects
(as part of Russia). At the same time the Siberian
and Far Eastern Federal Districts rank last
among the federal districts in terms of social and
economic development.
On Innovations in Russia
The economies of developed countries are
becoming more innovative. The science and
technology sphere in these countries has been
almost completely reoriented; it is now aimed at
the requirements of economic growth, the latter
being increasingly defined by the use of scientific
and technological achievements (by 60-80 % in
developed countries).
For Russia, the shift to an innovative
development path is especially urgent. Most
products produced in Russia for objective
reasons of natural and climatic character can not
be competitive on the world market. The world
economy only needs its natural resources (the
“storehouse”) and, under certain conditions,
its geographical location (the “bridge” between
continents). Only a sharp increase of the share of
intellectual labour in the price of the final product
can counter the negative factors.
Nevertheless, the demand for innovations
in Russia, and especially in Siberia, is dismally
small. On the other hand, Russian science is
increasingly becoming an intellectual appendage
of the global innovation system, acting as a
supplier of “innovation ore”.
So far the trends in this field are not
satisfactory. Once again there is the impression,
that the more is said about the necessity of
innovative development, the worse the situation
becomes. The latest initiatives of the federal
government in this sphere (Skolkovo, emphasis
on university science) seem to be ill-devised, if
not outright mistaken.
Serious innovation begins with fundamental
science (not all innovation has science as its
source). In Russia world-class fundamental
science still exists (first of all in the RAS),
especially in areas dealing with the military-
industrial complex in one way or another. The
attitude of the world community to this matter is
another issue.
The formation process of the Russian science
took place considerably later than in the leading
countries. Only by the mid-19
th
century had
world-level scientific schools emerged in Russia.
Russian scientists didn’t make it to the “egghead”
club (and they still haven’t become full members),
and Russian contribution to world science has
been, in our view, quite underappreciated.
Family names start with capital letters.
Paradoxically, one should do a great service
to humanity to have one’s last name written
with small letters. There are just several dozens
of people in history who have acquired this
– 947 –
Viktor I. Suslov. Strategy of Siberia’s Development: from Resource Economy to Innovation Economy
privilege: colt, nagan, volt, ampere, watt, ohm
and others. These are Englishmen, Frenchmen,
Germans, Italians and, of course, Americans.
There are no Russians among them. This is in fact
the assessment by the international community
of the Russian contribution to world science.
Probably, just two Russian names come closest
to being world brands: Kalashnikov and Smirnov.
There is also mendelevium, the 101
st
element
of the periodic table (efforts to name the 104
th
element kurchatovium did not succeed, it became
rezerfordium).
In the meantime, there is no lack of examples
of world-class discoveries and innovations of
Russian origin: the steam engine (Polzunov),
radio (Popov), helicopters (Sikorsky), television
(Zvorikin), “input-output” analysis (Leontiev)
and others.
Another example can be mentioned
in this context. The name of the American
company REDA, a leading global producer
of submersible pumping equipment, the
foundation of modern oil production, stands
for “Russian Electrical Dynamo of Arutunoff”.
The matter is that in the beginning of the past
century Russian engineer Arutunov invented
a submersible electric pump for oil extraction.
Namely, he introduced some fundamental
changes to its design, which increased its
productivity and service life manyfold. Russia
could have become a leader in submersible
pumping technology, but his homeland did
not accept his ideas, and in the early 1920s
Arutunov left first for Austria and then for the
USA. There his designs came in quite handy.
Ever since nothing more efficient for oil
pumping from underground layers has been
invented. Now even in Russia three quarters
of oil is produced using such pumps
1
.
1
A modern submersible elctrocentifugal oil pump is a
crossbar several dozen meters high operating in a well
1,5-2,5 km deep. Its sections rotate in synch at about 200
revolutions per minute.
The young company “Novomet” from Perm
continued the submersible pump story. It was
able to overcome the technological backwardness
of Russian oil equipment. With its know-how it
made a global bestseller out of the old invention
of engineer Arutunov. Established in 1991
by engineers of the Republican Engineering
and Technical Center of Powder Metallurgy,
“Novomet” sets the global quality standard in
many segments of submersible pump production.
“Our niche is there, where oil extraction is
difficult”.
Here is another example.
IPG Photonics, registered in Oxford, USA,
was established in 1991 in Fryazino near Moscow,
where its mother company NTO “IRE-Polus”
still resides. Despite the transnational character
of the business, 80 % of the IPG employees are
Russians. The control over the company and its
patents are in the hands of Russian scientists and
engineers.
IPG Photonics specializes in medium- and
high-power lasers, the global market for which,
including different mechanisms and systems
where they are used, amounts to 10 billion USD.
Although the biggest Western companies operate
in this market, it was this Russian company that
was able to bring about– without state support,
investment or resources – a revolution, creating
in the early 1990s for the first time optical fiber
lasers with a power of up to tens, hundreds,
thousands and tens of thousands Watt. Since the
mid-1990s in many countries research in this
area has acquired the status of actively financed
national programmes. Yet IPG Photonics, despite
its incomparably smaller human and financial
resources, was able to far outpace its competitors.
It has maintained the lead up to now.
There are also success stories in the Siberian
science and innovation sphere.
However, to speak seriously about the
innovative character of our economy, there
– 948 –
Viktor I. Suslov. Strategy of Siberia’s Development: from Resource Economy to Innovation Economy
should be not dozens, as there are now, but
tens of thousands of examples like these, and
correspondingly, there should be not hundreds,
but hundreds of thousands of startups.
A leap in unpaid Russian export of
fundamental ideas for future innovations
took place after 1917. The reasons are clear.
It is easy to explain why a similar process got
started two decades ago. It is still ongoing
because of Russian weakness in the innovation
sphere: elements of innovation infrastructure,
commercialisation mechanisms are being set
up in Russia, but they still do not constitute an
effective system.
Generating a stream of potentially important
innovative ideas, Russian science does not supply
the Russian economy with Russian innovation on
any meaningful scale. Still, on the other hand,
there is no noticeable demand in the Russian
economy for innovation in general and for
Russian in particular.
Nevertheless, a positive trend is evident.
Depressing is another thing: it seems that in
certain government circles the objective has been
set to “bleed white” the fundamental science
(science is not only greatly underfinanced, but also
“pushed” into the same category as cattle farmers
and diggers – a “one size fits all” approach), to
simplify fundamental education (by replacing the
school of knowledge concept with that of a school
of skills). If they succeed, the country will only
have one way to go – implement the pessimistic
scenario.
The Innovative Character
of the Siberian Development Strategy
The Strategy of social and economic
development of Siberia lays out several measures
aimed at a significant strengthening of the
innovative character of the economy. The possible
centers for the crystallization of innovation
clusters are shown in Fig. 2. A forecast for the
parameters characterising the innovative sphere
is presented in Table 1.
The Strategy foresees the solution of a
number of serious problems, as the starting
conditions in Siberia are not favourable, even
compared to the average Russian level.
Fig. 2. Major innovation projects in Siberia as potential centers for the formation of clusters
Megaprojects (breakthrough technologies of Russia)
National projects
Demography and
healthcare
Education
Housing and
public utilities
Agricultural
complex
Automated
diagnostic
systrems on
railways
New technology
and equipment for
draw-in
replacement and
construction of
undeground
engineering
services
Fuel and energy complex
Transportation,
construction
Industry
High-tech industries + MIC
Power
electronics
Instrument
engineering
Biotechnology
Advanced
materials
IT technologies
Major interregional innovative projects of the Siberian strategy
Strategic innovation clusters
Social sphere in Siberia
Siberian gas chemistry – Omsk,
Kemerovo, Novosibirsk
Siberian oil processing, petroleum
chemistry – Omsk, Angarsk, Achinsk,
Surgut, Novosibirsk
Refined coal fuels
Krasnoyarsk, Kemerovo, Achinsk,
Novosibirsk
Helium utilization technology
Novosibirsk, Krasnoyarsk
Ash utilization
Novosibirsk
New green energy technologies
Novosibirsk
New prospecting technologies
Novosibirsk
Russian silicon-based solar energy
Russian autonomous heat-power
industry
Optoelectronic counter-terrorism
systems
Atmospheric and hydrospheric optical
communication and navigation links;
systems to affect precision-guided
weapons and terrorists
Siberian silicon
– 949 –
Viktor I. Suslov. Strategy of Siberia’s Development: from Resource Economy to Innovation Economy
The traditional industries of Siberia
(and of Russia too) are based on the 3
rd
and 4
th
technological generations. Although certain
plants of the processing industry use (to a limited
extent) equipment and technology of the 5
th
and
6
th
generations, for instance, laser equipment and
technology, accelerating equipment, cathode-ray
and photochemical technologies, biotechnologies,
catalytic technologies, advanced coal processing
and coal chemistry technologies, the production of
nonmetallic materials, information technologies,
etc.
In 2007 the share of science-driven machine
industry sub-sectors (production of machinery and
equipment, production of electrical equipment,
of electronic and optical equipment, production
of transport vehicles and equipment) in the
processing industry of Siberia was marginal – 11,
Table 1. Target indicators for the innovation sector in Siberia
Indicators
Currently 2009-2010 2011-2015 2016-2020 2021-2030
Number of employees engaged in R&D
58650
58000
59000
61000
62500
Share of young scientists (aged under 39), %
18
20
25
20
30-35
Number of international research centers in
Siberia
12
13
15
20-23
25-30
Share of scientific journals with an interational
ranking, % of the total number of such journals
in Russia
< 1
2
5
7
10
Number of patents issued
2815
3200
3600
4200
7200
Number of production technologies developed,
% of the total number of technologies developed
in Russia
11
13
15
18
25
Foreign trade turnover (technology and
technical services export and import) in the
Siberian Federal District, % of the national
index
6,6
7,2
9
12
14
Share of research organisations and higher-
education institutions with Internet access, %
33
40
55
70
100
Share of factories carying out innovation
activity, %
6,9
7-9
10-15
20-25
30-35
Number of students per 10.000 population
480
485
493
500
520
Share of innovative products in total production,
%
4
3-4
5-8
10-15
20-25
R&D share in industrial product price, %
Менее 1
1
1 - 2
2-4
4-5
High-tech share in the gross regional product, %
4-5
7-9
10-13
14-17
20-25
4 % (in Russia − 20,2 %). For industry as a whole
the share of science-driven sectors accounts for
8 % in Siberia (in Russia – 13 %, in the European
Union – 16 %).
The share of innovatively active plants
in the Siberian Federal District in 2006
constituted 6,9 % of the total number of
industries and organizations (Russia – 8,6 %,
Ireland -75 %, Canada, Germany, Australia –
above 60 %, Mexico – 46 %, Hungary – 28 %),
and the share of innovative products (goods
and services) – 1,5 % (Russia – 4,5 %). R&D
expenditure in the industrial sector accounts
for less than 1 % when it comes to the sales
volume.
Innovative processes in the real economy of
Siberia (factory innovative activity, production
of new goods and number of advanced
Viktor I. Suslov. Strategy of Siberia’s Development: from Resource Economy to Innovation Economy
technologies used, technological exchange) are
developing at a slower pace than in the rest of
the country.
The implementation of the innovation
strategy is of vital importance for Russia and
Siberia in particular.
Стратегия развития Сибири:
от ресурсной экономики к инновационной
В.И. Суслов
Институт экономики и организации
промышленного производства СО РАН
Россия 630090, Новосибирск, ул. им. ак. Лаврентьева, 17
В статье представлен генезис понятия «Сибирь», определены две основные характеристики
региона с ресурсной экономикой: (1) вывоз капитала и отставание уровня жизни населения,
(2) деградация экономики без своевременной ее диверсификации. Раскрыты пути вывоза
капитала из Сибири. Сформулированы стратегические задачи развития экономики Сибири,
соответствующие стратегии развития России. Выявлены специфические особенности
и проблемы становления инновационного уклада российской и, в частности, сибирской
экономики.
Ключевые слова: стратегия, цели и задачи, Россия, Сибирь, инновации, природные ресурсы,
фундаментальная наука.
Dostları ilə paylaş: |