Surveillance System Standards



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The following is an excerpt (Chapter 1) from the Surveillance and Data Standards for 

USDA/APHIS/Veterinary Services, version 1.0 (July 2006 ) that was developed by the Centers for 

Epidemiology and Animal Health in July 2006.  This Chapter provides standards and guidelines 

for planning and evaluation surveillance systems.   

 

 



 

 

 



 

 

 



 

 

 



 

 

  



 


 

 

Chapter 1   Standards for the Key Components of 



  a Surveillance System  

 

The information in Chapter 1 is intended to assist epidemiologists and surveillance experts who 



may be developing new surveillance systems or evaluating and improving existing systems.  The 

guidelines provide an overview and generalized framework for details likely to be considered for 

comprehensive and efficient surveillance.  The guide is not intended to be prescriptive or to 

define mandatory items for inclusion by surveillance architects, but instead to provide a useful 

tool to expedite development and review processes. 

 

Four categories of information are included in the chapter (see Table 1).  First is the introductory 



information that should lay the foundation for the surveillance system.  These standards address 

components such as purpose, objective, and outcomes of the system, as well as basic 

considerations about the disease of interest and the people who collect, analyze, or base 

decisions on the resulting information.  The second concept involves standards related to the 

design of the sampling strategy and data collection.  Following this, a group of standards aid the 

surveillance professional in planning the appropriate analysis and reporting for the data collected.  

Finally, several guidelines are presented for the implementation and evaluation of the surveillance 

after a plan is developed. 

 

 

 



Table 1.  Summary of Standards For Key Components of a Surveillance System 

Concept 

Standards:  

Introductory 

Information 

 

1.1 Disease Description 

1.2  Purpose and Rationale for Surveillance 

1.3  Surveillance Objectives:  Principal Uses of Data for Decision-Making  

1.4  Expected Outcomes: Products, Decisions and Actions 

1.5  Stakeholders and Responsible Parties  

 

Population 

Description and 

Sampling Methods 

 

1.6  Population Description and Characteristics 

1.7 Case Definitions 

1.8  Data Sources  

1.9  Sampling Methods  

 

Analysis, 



Reporting, and 

Presentation 

1.10  Data Analysis and Interpretation 

1.11  Data Presentation and Reporting  

 

Implementation, 



Budget, and 

Evaluation  

1.12  Surveillance System Implementation: Priorities, Timelines, and 

Internal Communications  

1.13  Budget 

1.14  Surveillance Plan Performance Metrics 

1.15  Surveillance System Evaluation 



 

 

 



 

1.1 Disease Description  

Standard: 

The surveillance planning documents include current and relevant supporting 

information about the disease under surveillance.   

 

a.  Information included in the disease description is used to develop the case 



definitions. See standard 1.7.  

 

 



Supporting Information: 

 

The following classes should be included in the disease description section of the 



surveillance planning documents, or in documents describing the rationale of the 

surveillance system.  

 

 

Class Guidelines 



Etiologic agent 

  General categories: Virus, bacteria, toxin, external parasite

internal parasite, etc. 

  Taxonomic classification: Family, genus, species; see 



  Common name of the disease or condition. 

  Pathogen strain or serotype. 

Distribution 

  Available information about location of current cases of 

disease should be identified.  See location guidelines in 

Chapter 2. 

  For FAD and diseases affecting trade, distribution throughout 

the world, at least by continent, should be included. 

  For endemic diseases, distribution should be defined at the 

tertiary or lowest available administrative levels when 

possible, (e.g., National, State, or county.) 

Clinical signs 

  Description is targeted for the general practitioner audience. 

Case definitions 

  Criteria for a positive case, negative case, and others as 

applicable: Suspect, reactor, laboratory positive, etc. See 

standard 1.7, case definitions.  

Pathological findings 

  Necropsy results may be necessary for case finding, case 

definition, or passive reporting of cases. 

  For lab-based surveillance and reporting, standards should be 

compatible with laboratory standards. See Chapter 2. 

Epidemiology 

  Considers and discusses the likelihood of disease 

introduction, outbreak, or change of status. 

  Includes industry and management factors affecting disease 

transmission, (e.g., confinement operations, biosecurity 

practices, or industry awareness.) 

  Provides measures or estimates of frequency, (e.g., 

prevalence, incidence, morbidity rate, mortality rate, or case 

fatality rate.) 

  Transmission factors such as contagiousness, virulence of 

Surveillance and Data Systems for USDA/APHIS/VS 




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