Synthetic Biology | Introduction
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behaviour and compatibility, and the possibility to assemble multiple DNA sequences is necessary (Kitney and
Freemont 2012).
1.1.1
The scientific landscape of synthetic biology
Oldham et al. (2012) published an overview to aid understanding of synthetic biology by analysing
publications, key terms, local distribution of researchers and organisations, and mapping the subjects and
citing landscapes. The study provided a baseline for related research, and concluded that – at the time of the
publication – almost 700 organisations in 40 countries worked on genetic components, parts and organisms
with potential for a wide range of applications. Their work also impressively demonstrated that one of the
major characteristics of synthetic biology is its trans-/interdisciplinarity at the intersection between biology,
chemical engineering, chemistry, electrical engineering, physics, and computer science (Peccoud and Isalan
2012; Schmidt 2008).
Figure 1: Trans-/interdisciplinarity of synthetic biology; from Polizzi (2013)
Synthetic biology uses the engineering principles of modularity, characterisation (
in vitro,
in vivo, reference
parts under different conditions), and standardisation (Kitney and Freemont 2012). Many of the methods and
techniques which are used in this context are derived from other fields (Kitney and Freemont 2012). Synthetic
biology applies knowledge from a variety of disciplines like molecular biology, chemistry, biotechnology,
information technology and engineering (Haynes and Silver 2009). Foundational science for synthetic biology
includes genomics, structural biology, biochemistry, systems biology, molecular and cell biology, chemical
biology, protein engineering and design, and tissue engineering and biomaterials. Platform technology is a
suite of tools and methods which can be applied across a range of fields (Kitney and Freemont 2012). Standard
systems are produced from standard devices that are produced from standard parts (or components, in this
case a sequence of DNA with certain characteristics).