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112
Synthetic biology is an emerging field of interdisciplinary research that seeks to transform our ability to probe,
manipulate, and interface with living systems by combining the knowledge and techniques of biology,
chemistry, computer science, and engineering. Its main aim is to increase the ease and efficiency with which
biological
systems
can
be
designed,
constructed,
and
characterized.
A central aim of synthetic biology is to increase the ease and efficiency with which biological systems can be
designed, constructed, and characterized. Synthetic biology is transforming biosynthesis capabilities by
providing new tools that support pathway construction and optimization.
Chiarabelli et al. (2012)
Synthetic biology is first represented in terms of two complementary aspects, the bio-engineering one, based
on the genetic manipulation of extant microbial forms in order to obtain forms of life which do not exist in
nature; and the chemical synthetic biology, an approach mostly based on chemical manipulation for the
laboratory
synthesis
of
biological
structures
that
do
not
exist
in
nature.
The notion of synthetic biology (SB) is by now well accredited in the experimental life sciences, and is generally
seen as the modern and most ambitious development of bioengineering and biotechnology in general. The
term ambitious is appropriate, as one of the declared aims of SB is the laboratory construction of alternative
forms
of
life,
namely
forms
of
life
that
do
not
exist
in
nature.
Our work on Never Born Biopolymers lays within the framework of the novel and unconventional approach
dubbed ‘‘chemical synthetic biology’’ [8–10], which, as already mentioned, is concerned with the synthesis of
chemical structures such as proteins, nucleic acids, vesicular forms and other which do not exist in nature.
The common notion of synthetic biology refers to new forms of microbial life obtained through genetic
manipulation of the extant life forms – a classic bioengineering approach. The few pages of the present review
make however clear that synthetic biology has an additional dimension, that related to the term ‘‘chemical
synthetic biology’’. Here, the production of biological structures alternative to the natural ones is carried out
by using chemical and biochemical technology: we have seen in this review application of the physico-
chemistry of vesicles, the ribosomal protein synthetic apparatus, peptide catalysis, enzymatic assays, etc.
Danchin A (2012)
The present avatar of «Synthetic Biology» (SB) assumes that we know enough of what life is to allow us to
construct life from scratch, or, at least, to modify existing cells and organisms so that they work as cell
factories. With this view SB puts together two separate entities, a program (the conceptual extension of the
genetic program) and a chassis (the conceptual extension of the living cell).
Firman et al. (2012)
One definition of Synthetic Biology is ‘‘the application of engineering principles to the study of the
fundamental components of biology’’, but there are major problems associated with this basic premise –
biological systems are very different from electronic systems, or chemical systems, and new combinations do
not always behave as expected.
Giessen and Marahiel (2012)
It is in this light that synthetic biology, usually defined as the de novo design of new or the redesign of existing
biological systems, ranging from single enzymes (protein engineering) to whole biosynthetic pathways
(metabolic engineering), offers new approaches and methodologies that may help to tackle this urgent
problem.
Gorochowski et al. (2012)
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Systems and synthetic biology rely on mathematical modeling and computational simulation to predict the
behavior of biological systems and facilitate the design of novel systems.
Gregorczyk et al. (2012)
While systems biology aims to develop a formal understanding of biological processes via the development of
quantitative mathematical models, synthetic biology aims to use such models to design unique biological
circuits (synthetic networks) in the cell able to perform specific tasks.
Jain KK (2012)
Synthetic biology, application of synthetic chemistry to biology, is a broad term that covers the engineering of
biological systems with structures and functions not found in nature to process information, manipulate
chemicals, produce energy, maintain cell environment and enhance human health. Synthetic biology includes
technologies for DNA synthesis and assembly of fragments of DNA for gene synthesis, sometimes referred to
as synthetic genomics.
Kelle A (2012)
Over recent years the label ‘synthetic biology’ has been attached to a number of diverse research and
development activities, ranging from the development of ‘BioBricks’ to the search for a minimal cell to the
delivery
of
customized
genes
by
DNA
synthesis
companies.
Whereas standard biology treats the structure and chemistry of living things as natural phenomena to be
understood and explained, synthetic biology treats biochemical processes, molecules and structures as raw
materials and tools to be used in novel and potentially useful ways, often quite independent of their natural
roles.
Not surprisingly for a scientific discipline in its formative phase, several competing definitions exist for
synthetic biology. One that has received much attention describes synthetic biology as ‘the design and
construction of new biological parts, devices, and systems, and the re-design of existing, natural biological
systems for useful purposes’.
Four different sub-strands of synthetic biology are distinguished here: • Engineering DNA based biological
circuits, by using standardized biological parts; • Identifying the minimal genome; • Constructing protocells, in
other words living cells from base chemicals; and • Creating orthogonal biological systems in the laboratory
through chemical synthetic biology.
Khalil et al. (2012)
Synthetic biology is helping us to understand how organisms behave and develop through the forward
engineering of molecular circuitry with well-understood genetic components.
Kitney and Freemont (2012)
The accepted definition is ‘‘synthetic biology aims to design and engineer biologically based parts, novel
devices and systems – as well as redesigning existing, natural biological systems’’. Synthetic Biology is the
application
of
systematic
design
–
using
engineering
principles
In simple terms synthetic biology aims to make the engineering of biological systems easier and more
predictable. It also aims to allow accumulated knowledge on biological systems to be standardised to enable
its utility in the synthetic biology design process.
Lamsen and Atsumi (2012)
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Synthetic biology provides the ability to piece together biological components from several different origins in
order to redesign a natural or con- struct a novel pathway that the host uses to synthesize a valuable chemical.
Malinova et al. (2012)
Synthetic biology seems to be about the engineering of biology – about bottom up and top-down approaches,
compromising complexity versus stability of artificial architectures, relevant in biology. Synthetic biology
accounts for heterogeneous approaches towards minimal and even artificial life, the engineering of
biochemical pathways on the organismic level, the modelling of molecular processes and finally, the
combination of synthetic with nature-derived materials and architectural concepts, such as a cellular
membrane. Still, synthetic biology is a discipline, which embraces interdisciplinary attempts in order to have a
profound, scientific base to enable the re-design of nature and to compose architectures and processes with
man-made matter. Generally speaking synthetic biology is concerned with the design and synthesis of
chemical structures such as enzymes, proteins, genetics circuits and cells, which do not exist in nature as such.
One of the novel aims of synthetic biology is the redesign of well-known biological systems. In other words,
the hybrid discipline of synthetic biology aims at understanding, re-composition as well as constructing
architectures of life.
Nguyen et al. (2012)
Synthetic biology, which aims to redesign biological systems for novel purposes and applications, enables the
transfer of a secondary metabolite biosynthetic pathway from its organism of origin into more amenable
heterologous hosts, where the compounds of interest or their precursors can be produced with desired titers.
Oldham et al. (2012)
Synthetic biology is a self-defining community of researchers from a variety of disciplines who are articulating
themselves around the term synthetic biology and related terms such as synthetic genomics.
For biologists, synthetic biology provides a means to understand natural biological systems. For chemists it is
an extension of synthetic chemistry leading to the development of novel molecules and advancing research on
the origin of life. For ‘re-writers’ synthetic biology offers the promise of optimising biological systems including
‘refactoring’ existing genomes. Finally, for engineers biology is classified as a ‘technology’ that requires ‘‘the
development of foundational technologies that make the design and construction of engineered biological
systems easier’’. Synthetic biology is as an ‘‘inclusive theoretical and technical framework in which to approach
biological systems with the conceptual tools and language imported from electrical circuitry and mechanical
manufacturing’’ to pursue ‘‘the rational combination of standardised biological parts that are decoupled from
their natural context’’.
Osbourn et al. (2012)
Synthetic biology has been variously defined as: Synthetic biology aims to use modular, well-characterised
biological parts to predictably construct novel genetic devices and complex cell-based systems following
engineering principles. Synthetic biology is the design and engineering of biologically based parts, novel
devices and systems as well as the redesign of existing, natural biological systems. It has the potential to
deliver important new applications and improve existing industrial processes – resulting in economic growth
and job creation.
Synthetic biology is the engineering of biology: the synthesis of complex, biologically based (or inspired)
systems, which display functions that do not exist in nature. This engineering perspective may be applied at all
levels of the hierarchy of biological structures – from individual molecules to whole cells, tissues and
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115
organisms. In essence, synthetic biology will enable the design of ‘biological systems’ in a rational and
systematic way.
There is no agreed definition of synthetic biology, but it is best understood as the rational design of biological
systems and living organisms using engineering principles. The concept of ‘synthetic biology space’ (Channon
et al., 2008) provides a useful tool that enables the sometimes seemingly disparate components, hierarchies
and approaches encompassed by synthetic biology to be placed into a common framework.
Peccoud and Isalan (2012)
Synthetic biology is an emerging transdisciplinary field at the intersection between many engineering and
scientific disciplines such as biology, chemical engineering, chemistry, electrical engineering, or computer
science.
Ravasi et al. (2012)
Synthetic biology is an emerging discipline that aims to create novel organisms containing designed genetic
circuits. These circuits are built from standard biological parts, known as BioBrick™s, that in most of the cases
are provided by nature.
Reiss T (2012)
Since then the idea of synthetic biology has evolved mainly as an approach of analysing, understanding, and
improving
biological
processes
for
the
production
of
desirable
goods
and
functions.
What seems to make synthetic biology different from other current lines of biological research is the rigorous
application of engineering principles (standardization, abstraction and decoupling) to biological research,
which indeed offers a new way of doing research in life sciences.
Rodrigo et al. (2012)
One of the most challenging aims of synthetic biology is the de novo engineering of regulatory systems with
desired behavior by taking advantage of quantitative models describing molecular interactions able to predict
of the behavior of the systems.
Roukos DH (2012)
Synthetic biology investigates the systematic construction of biological systems with cells being built module
by module based on a bottom-up engineering strategy.
Voigt CA (2012)
Synthetic biology aims to improve the process of genetic engineering. It looks to a future where the design of
genetic systems and the idiosyncrasies of DNA are decoupled, and one can compose living systems by mixing-
and-matching genetic parts. At its core, this will require a multidisciplinary approach and significant
communities have sprouted in nearly all engineering disciplines, including biological, chemical, and electrical
engineering as well as fields in basic science such as chemistry, biology, mathematics, and biophysics. The
objective of this journal is to provide a home for the research that, while spread across these fields, shares a
common goal.
Wang et al. (2012)
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116
As an emerging discipline that tackles biotechnology from a rational-design approach, synthetic biology aims
to redesign existing biological systems or create artificial life.
2013
Synthetic Genomics
König et al. (2013)
Synthetic genomics, on the other hand [as compared to synthetic biology, expl. note], encompasses
technologies for the generation of chemically-synthesized whole genomes or larger parts of genomes, allowing
to simultaneously engineer a myriad of changes to the genetic material of organisms.
Synthetic Biology
König et al. (2013)
Synthetic biology seeks to model and construct biological components, functions and organisms that do not
exist in nature or to redesign existing biological systems to perform new functions.
Kondo et al. (2013)
Synthetic bioengineering is a strategy for developing useful microbial strains with innovative biological
functions. Novel functions are designed and synthesized in host microbes with the aid of advanced
technologies for computer simulations of cellular processes and the system-wide manipulation of host
genomes.
Murtas (2013)
Synthetic biology approaches are proposing model systems and providing experimental evidences that life can
arise as spontaneous chemical self-assembly process where the ability to reproduce itself is an essential
feature of the living system.
Sagt (2013)
Industrial systems metabolic engineering can be defined as the combined use of genome-wide genomics,
transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics to modify strains or processes.
Ausländer and Fussenegger (2013)
Synthetic biology aims to standardize and expand the natural toolbox of biological building blocks to engineer
novel synthetic networks in living systems.
Esvelt and Wang (2013)
Synthetic biology aims to reverse-engineer naturally evolved systems and to build new systems.
Haslam et al. (2013)
The emerging science of synthetic biology […] seeks to build a bespoke system by re-designing metabolic
pathways from scratch to create entirely new biosynthetic pathways de novo within cells, thereby enabling
production of valuable molecules.
Keret (2013)
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117
Synthetic biology […] focuses on the engineering of genetic molecular machines with a specific predefined
function. Plainly put, the newly engineered organism functions as a machine. It can process information,
manufacture, heal and even diagnose. We just have to engineer it to do so.
Lim et al. (2013)
In this sense, a synthetic biology approach is in many ways a philosophical extension of the much older
biochemical reconstitution approach -
_ENREF_6
the goal is to minimize and simplify the system to
systematically explore the key requirements for function.
Mampel et al. (2013)
Synthetic biologists strive to build biological systems based solely on the essential parts that constitute a living
system
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