Technological capabilities 2 1



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1) Technological capabilities    5     4     3     2     1

  • 1) Technological capabilities    5     4     3     2     1

  • (2) Friendliness to strangers     5     4     3     2     1

  • (3) Honesty    5     4     3     2     1

  • (4) Political freedom    5     4     3     2     1

  • (5) Generosity    5     4     3     2     1

  • (6) Desire for peace   5     4     3     2     1

  • (7) Scientific contributions    5     4     3     2     1

  • (8) Artistic contributions    5     4     3     2     1

  • (9) Equality between male and female    5     4     3     2     1

  • (10) Racial tolerance    5     4     3     2     1

  • (11) Religious tolerance    5     4     3     2     1

  • (12) Respect for environment    5     4     3     2     1

  • (13) Concern for children    5     4     3     2     1

  • (14) Manners    5     4     3     2     1

  • (15) Style of dress    5     4     3     2     1




Ethnocentrism is judging another culture by the values and standards of your own culture.

  • Ethnocentrism is judging another culture by the values and standards of your own culture.



Moderate Ethnocentrism: Looking at another culture through the lens of your own culture

  • Moderate Ethnocentrism: Looking at another culture through the lens of your own culture

    • This is a natural part of human psychology.
  • Extreme Ethnocentrism: Considering another culture inferior because it is different from yours

    • Extreme ethnocentrism can be dangerous.


The first person to use the word ethnocentrism was William G. Sumner.

  • The first person to use the word ethnocentrism was William G. Sumner.

  • “…when one's own group is the center of everything, and all others are scaled and rated with reference to it.”



Do not confuse racism with ethnocentrism.

  • Do not confuse racism with ethnocentrism.

  • Race is not considered to be a valid form of human classification.

  • What is race?



Members of a group make strong connections with other members.

  • Members of a group make strong connections with other members.

  • This bond produces positive feelings toward members of the group.

  • Sometimes causes negative feelings toward outsiders.



  • Little or no contact with members of outsider groups produces strong feelings of ethnocentrism.



Lack of education sometimes increases ethnocentrism.

  • Lack of education sometimes increases ethnocentrism.

  • Men are more willing to express ethnocentrism than women.

  • People with low wealth or low self-esteem seem to be more ethnocentric.



Language Example 1:

  • Language Example 1:

    • What we call others
    • Eskimo means “eaters of raw flesh”
    • Eskimo is a word used by outsiders.
    • Inuit is a word used by members of the group (insiders).
    • Inuit translates to real people.


Language Example 2:

  • Language Example 2:

    • Barbarian comes from the Greek word Barbar which translates to “the sound a dog makes.”
    • The Greeks used this word for people who could not understand their language.
    • These are cases of extreme ethnocentrism.


Cultural Relativism: all cultures are relevant…no one culture is better or worse than others

  • Cultural Relativism: all cultures are relevant…no one culture is better or worse than others

    • Cultural practices can not be judged right or wrong.
    • Tolerance is the ultimate goal.
    • Observers must suspend ethnocentrism in order to properly judge other cultures.


Cultural Relativism

  • Extreme cultural relativism can be just as dangerous.

  • Humanity must have guidelines of morality.

    • Human life is precious


We can tolerate different perspectives.

  • We can tolerate different perspectives.



But can we tolerate moral crimes in the name of tolerance?

  • But can we tolerate moral crimes in the name of tolerance?

    • Murder
    • Rape
  • These crimes can be considered universally wrong.



Cultural Relativism: Death Rituals

  • Aztec people practices human sacrifice because they felt it would guarantee that the sun would continue to rise every morning.

  • The United States leads the world in the number of death penalties.



Cultural Relativism: Death Rituals

  • We now know that the sun has nothing to do with human sacrifice.

  • Statistics now show that the death penalty does not decrease crime in the United States.

  • Crime actually decreases when death penalty is outlawed.



Why Death Rituals?

  • Both Aztec and U.S.A. death rituals are no longer relevant today.

  • However, cultural relativism allows us to know why.

  • Both rituals made promises that society would remain stable.



Conclusion

  • Members of different cultures are no less human than anyone else.

  • We must avoid premature judgments until we understand the reasons behind actions.

  • Only then can we criticize.



Discussion Questions

  • What is a pluralistic society?

  • Could you imagine marrying someone from another culture or subculture?



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