Term and methodology Sources: written and material
Studying (Roman) Religion: observe the „sacrum”, the holiness - unpartial (diffrence with theology). Studying (Roman) Religion: observe the „sacrum”, the holiness - unpartial (diffrence with theology). Multidisciplinarity: - History of Religion - Phenomenology of Religion - Comparative Religion - Anthropology of Religion - Psichology of Religion - Philosophy of Religion
Analyzing Religion as a socio-cultural, historical phenomenon as a single process, striclty in conection with historical events. Analyzing Religion as a socio-cultural, historical phenomenon as a single process, striclty in conection with historical events. Hecataeus, Herodotus,Varro, Cicero, Apollodoros, Muhammad al –Sharastani Johann Adam Hartung Theodor Mommsen Ulrich von Willamowitz- Moellendorf Georg Wissowa Ludwig Preller W.W. Fowler
Franz Altheim Franz Altheim Raffaele Pettazzoni Kurt Latte H. J. Rose G.B. Pighi F. C. Grant R. Schilling Nicola Turchi
concerns the experiential aspect of religion, describing religious phenomena by it’s components and phenomenon (religious impressions) concerns the experiential aspect of religion, describing religious phenomena by it’s components and phenomenon (religious impressions) Friedrich Schleiermacher Edmund Husserl William Brede Kristensen Rudolf Otto Gerardus van der Leeuw Paul Tillich Kerényi Károly Mircea Eliade Thomas Köves- Zulauf Ioan P. Culianu
Comparative religion is a field of religious studies that analyzes the similarities and differences of themes, myths, rituals and concepts among the world's religions. Comparative religion is a field of religious studies that analyzes the similarities and differences of themes, myths, rituals and concepts among the world's religions. Friedrich Max Müller Sir James George Frazer Franz Cumont Vladimir Propp Georges Dumezil Joseph Campbell
Ugo Bianchi Ugo Bianchi Maarten Vermaseren Ramsey McMullen John Ferguson Walter Burkert Tóth István Manfred Clauss Richard Gordon Roger Beck Robert Turcan
Ando Clifford Ando Clifford Jörg Rüpke Mary Beard Jaime Alvar Ezquerra Andreas Bendlin Andreas Hensen Mihai Barbulescu Szabó Ádám Sorin Nemeti Valerie M. Warrior John North John Scheid
Études Préliminaires aux Religions Orientales dans l'Empire Romain (EPRO) Études Préliminaires aux Religions Orientales dans l'Empire Romain (EPRO) Religions in the Graeco-Roman World (RGRW) – 171 volumes Religion der Römischen Provinzen (RRP) Journal of Roman Studies Journal of Roman Archaeology Phoenix, Latomus, Greece and Rome, Orma
Written sources:
Libri Haruspicinales, Libri Fulgurales, Libri Rituales, Libri Acheruntici, Libri Tagentici, Libri Vegontici, Libri Sibyllini (Fatales), Libri Marcii Libri Haruspicinales, Libri Fulgurales, Libri Rituales, Libri Acheruntici, Libri Tagentici, Libri Vegontici, Libri Sibyllini (Fatales), Libri Marcii Ritual books and sacred texts of the official and forreign cults (Libri Pontificales, Libri Augurales, Comentarii, Indigitamenta) The cathecism of the mistery cults (Mithras Cathecism) Sacred song- books, texts for religious use (?)
Terentius Varro: Rerum Divinarum libri XVI Terentius Varro: Rerum Divinarum libri XVI Marcus Tullius Cicero: De natura derorum, De haruspicum responsu Publius Naso Ovidius: Fasti Metamorphoses Alulus Caecina: De Etrusca Disciplina Plutarchos: Peri Isidos kai Osiridos Eubulos: De Misteri Mithrae Pallas: De Mithrae
Historical works (Fabius Pictor, Polybios,Caesar, Titus Livius, Dionysius of Halicarnasos, Tacitus, Cassius Dio, Sallustius, Curtius Rufus) Historical works (Fabius Pictor, Polybios,Caesar, Titus Livius, Dionysius of Halicarnasos, Tacitus, Cassius Dio, Sallustius, Curtius Rufus) Poems (Iuvenalis, Martialis, Ovidius, Vergilius) Dramatic works (Plautus, Petronius) Prose (Apuleius, Lykianos, Statius) Scientifical works (Plutarch, Plinius, Varro, Cicero)
Augustinus, Arnobius, Claudianus, Commodianus, Dracontius, Eusebios, Firmicus Maternus, Iulianus Apostata, Kelsos, Lactantius Placidus, Origenes, Tertullianus, Zosimos Augustinus, Arnobius, Claudianus, Commodianus, Dracontius, Eusebios, Firmicus Maternus, Iulianus Apostata, Kelsos, Lactantius Placidus, Origenes, Tertullianus, Zosimos
Material sources: are determined by period, cult and the religious phenomena (ritual and practice) Material sources: are determined by period, cult and the religious phenomena (ritual and practice) Official practice Personal practice
Sacred places: a „sacred geography” (R. Gordon)- ancient concepts of a sacred place Sacred places: a „sacred geography” (R. Gordon)- ancient concepts of a sacred place Natural and human-made places: caves, fountains, saint trees, templum, aedes, cemetery, etc. Interior: inscriptions, altars, reliefs, paintings, frescoes, special arhitectural and ritual elements Exterior: inscriptions, sculptures, reliefs, paintings, altars, etc.
Phisical paths: burial site, cemeteries, tombs, mummies, pits, urnes, collected bones, ritual sacrifices, traces of burnings, animal sacrafices, foods Phisical paths: burial site, cemeteries, tombs, mummies, pits, urnes, collected bones, ritual sacrifices, traces of burnings, animal sacrafices, foods Non- phisical consecvences: no arheological founds (rare)
Ritual objects at home (lares, penates): altars, special objects, ceramics. Ritual objects at home (lares, penates): altars, special objects, ceramics. Religious small-finds (used at home, on a trip, in a castrum, camp): hand-made gods, lamps, ceramics etc. The burial context, as a personalized religious place: small- finds, ceramics, pottery.
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