NREL is a national laboratory of the U.S. Department of Energy
Office of Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy
Operated by the Alliance for Sustainable Energy, LLC
This report is available at no cost from the National Renewable Energy
Laboratory (NREL) at www.nrel.gov/publications.
Contract No. DE-AC36-08GO28308
The Availability of Indium:
The Present, Medium Term, and
Long Term
Martin Lokanc, Roderick Eggert, and
Michael Redlinger
Colorado School of Mines
Golden, Colorado
NREL Technical Monitor: Michael Woodhouse
Subcontract Report
NREL/SR-6A20-62409
October 2015
NREL is a national laboratory of the U.S. Department of Energy
Office of Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy
Operated by the Alliance for Sustainable Energy, LLC
This report is available at no cost from the National Renewable Energy
Laboratory (NREL) at www.nrel.gov/publications.
Contract No. DE-AC36-08GO28308
National Renewable Energy Laboratory
15013 Denver West Parkway
Golden, CO 80401
303-275-3000 • www.nrel.gov
The Availability of Indium:
The Present, Medium Term, and
Long Term
Martin Lokanc, Roderick Eggert, and
Michael Redlinger
Colorado School of Mines
Golden, Colorado
NREL Technical Monitor: Michael Woodhouse
Prepared under Subcontract No. UGA-0-41025-20
Subcontract Report
NREL/SR-6A20-62409
October 2015
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iii
This report is available at no cost from the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) at www.nrel.gov/publications
Acronyms and Abbreviations
-
Nil
CAGR
Compound annual growth rate
CIGS
Copper indium gallium selenide
DOE
U.S. Department of Energy
e
Estimated
EOL
End of life
g
gram
GW
Gigawatt
HHI
Herfindahl–Hirschman Index
In
Indium
ITO
Indium-tin-oxide
JORC
Australasian Joint Ore Reserves Committee
kg
kilogram
lb
pound
LCD
Liquid crystal display
LED
Light-emitting diode
m
meter
mn
Million
MOFCOM
Ministry of Commerce (China)
Mohs
A scale of hardness of solids
N/A
Not available, not applicable
ppb
Parts per billion
ppm
Parts per million
PV
Photovoltaic
SMG
SMG Indium Resources
t
Tonne (metric ton)
tpa
Tonnes per annum
tpd
Tonnes per day
UK
United Kingdom
USD
U.S. dollar
USGS
U.S. Geological Survey
wt%
Percent of composition by weight
wt
weight