The Availability of Indium: The Present, Medium Term, and Long Term
Yüklə 1,06 Mb. Pdf görüntüsü
|
- Bu səhifədəki naviqasiya:
- Table 28. Monte Carlo Simulation Input Distributions for Grade, Recovery, and Costs Name Graph Min Mean
- Recovery – Short-Term Base Case
- Recovery – Short-Term “Scenario 2” and Medium-Term “Base Case”
- Costs, Amortization, and Discount Rate
- Figure 28. Short-term primary indium supply curve
71
This report is available at no cost from the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) at www.nrel.gov/publications accuracy range of –10%, +35% described by Thibault et al. (2010). These inputs, their ranges, and types of distribution are listed in Table 28.
Grade (ppm)
0.00
33.38 +∞
146.750 0.37
7.37 128.77
128.39 Recovery – Short-Term Base Case Recovery (ore to concentrate, %)
0.40
0.50 0.60
0.041 0.43
0.50 0.57
0.14 Recovery (concentrate to sponge, %)
0.50
0.60 0.70
0.041 0.53
0.60 0.67
0.14 Recovery (sponge to 4N8, %)
0.70
0.80 0.90
0.041 0.73
0.80 0.87
0.14 Recovery – Short-Term “Scenario 2” and Medium-Term “Base Case” Recovery (ore to concentrate, %)
0.75
0.80 0.85
0.020 0.77
0.80 0.83
0.07 Recovery (concentrate to sponge, %)
0.80
0.90 1.00
0.041 0.83
0.90 0.97
0.14 Recovery (sponge to 4N8, %)
0.90
0.95 1.00
0.020 0.92
0.95 0.98
0.07 Costs, Amortization, and Discount Rate Operating cost (% from base)
-0.10 0.08 0.35
0.096 -0.05
0.07 0.26
0.31 Capital cost (% from base)
-0.10 0.08 0.35
0.096 -0.05
0.07 0.26
0.31 Amortization (years)
10.00 15.00 20.00
2.041 11.58
15.00 18.42
6.84 Discount rate (%, real)
0.05 0.10 0.15
0.020 0.07
0.10 0.13
0.07 Indium – byproduct cost allocation (%)
0.00
0.03 0.10
0.024 0.00
0.03 0.08
0.08 Indium – main product cost allocation (%)
0.80
0.93 1.00
0.047 0.84
0.94 0.99
0.15
72
This report is available at no cost from the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) at www.nrel.gov/publications We then run the simulation. Because we are concerned with the short term, we want to include all simulation realizations that cover direct operating costs only. We assume that capital costs are sunk and therefore these are not a consideration for the mine or refiner when determining whether to produce indium. No provision is made for potential taxes or royalties, which would vary depending on jurisdiction and profitability of the operation. Once these realizations are eliminated, the total is normalized to the midpoint annual estimate for 2011—that is, 711 tonnes of refined indium metal. The simulated cases are ranked in order of increasing cost to generate the supply curve for 2011 in Figure 29.
When considering overall recovery rates in the short run and the amount of indium that could potentially be recovered from current mining operations, it useful to consider three scenarios: • Refined primary indium production from mines’ structure of the value chain and recovery efficiencies (i.e., the midpoint figure of 731 tonnes refined metal from 2011) • Refined indium production if the pipeline were structured such that all indium-bearing concentrates were sent to indium-capable smelters, but assuming current recovery rates • Refined indium production given in the first bullet, but also assuming that recovery efficiencies are possible to the extent highlighted by existing feasibility studies (Section 4.2), and ignoring any necessary investment. Table 29 shows that, when considering overall yields of 14%–20%, 3,730–5,221tonnes of indium must be mined to yield 731 tpa of refined metalis . Using these values as inputs to the value chain and varying efficiencies across the pipeline such that all indium-bearing concentrates are shipped to indium-capable smelters, overall recovery of the refined metal increases from 731 tpa in the base case to 1,044 tpa, corresponding with overall recovery rates of 20%–28%. Once we vary recovery efficiencies to correspond with current technologies, recovery of indium Yüklə 1,06 Mb. Dostları ilə paylaş:
|