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ABSTRACT
Building on the findings of previous research, the purpose of the present study is to investigate
‘’to what extent do the age, education level and employment status of Singaporean women predict
the degree of filial piety in 2010-2014?’’. The research is based on a cross-sectional design, using an
existing dataset of the World Values Survey (wave 2010 – 2014) to measure the relationships. Only the
female respondents of the sample (N = 1083) were taken into account for analysis. An index of four
items was constructed to measure filial piety as a dependent variable. The items were selected in
relation to the identified dimensions of filial piety and their theoretical relevance. Based on the One-
way ANOVA test, the individual relationships between the independent variables age, education level
and employment status on the one hand, and dependent variable filial piety, on the other hand, were
investigated. In conclusion, the results showed significant relationships for age and employment
status, but not for education levels, which contradicted previous research. Among the women in the
middle age group (38-57 years) and among those with a job the highest scores on filial piety were
found. The present study has discovered how modern times have led to an altered practice of filial
piety, leading middle-aged women with jobs to uphold the highest degree of filial piety. These findings
can be used to explore how Singaporean women could combine work and filial responsibilities in
practice.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Abstract ................................................................................................................................................... 1
Introduction ............................................................................................................................................. 3
Theoretical framework ............................................................................................................................ 5
Filial piety ............................................................................................................................................. 5
Intergenerational ties ...................................................................................................................... 6
(Post) modernization ........................................................................................................................... 8
The economic position of women ................................................................................................... 9
Research methodology .......................................................................................................................... 11
Research design ................................................................................................................................. 11
Case selection .................................................................................................................................... 11
Limitations of the study ..................................................................................................................... 11
Data and analysis ................................................................................................................................... 12
Filial piety index ................................................................................................................................. 12
Bivariate relationships ....................................................................................................................... 14
Assumptions .................................................................................................................................. 14
Age ................................................................................................................................................. 16
Education Level .............................................................................................................................. 17
Employment Status ........................................................................................................................ 19
Discussion of the results ........................................................................................................................ 21
Age ..................................................................................................................................................... 21
Education Level .................................................................................................................................. 21
Employment Status ........................................................................................................................... 22
Conclusion ............................................................................................................................................. 22
Bibliography ........................................................................................................................................... 23
Appendix ................................................................................................................................................ 25
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INTRODUCTION
Due to globalization and modernization, Singapore has been going through massive social and
economic changes since its independence in 1965. Although starting off with limited resources, this
tiny country has developed itself to high standards in many fields like a true Asian success story. A
focused government has led Singapore to become a global competitor in trade, transport, finance and
education. Human resources have been their most important asset from the beginning, hence the
focus on developing knowledge capital (OECD, 2010). Another key point in achieving success was the
unification of the Singaporean people. Without a common language and with broad ethnic diversity,
Singapore had a long way to go. The government invested a lot to bring about shared values among
the people to enhance the development of a shared identity (OECD, 2010). The foundation of these
values lied in Confucian ethics that intended to guide the people in how to cohabitate in society. At
the core of the Confucian values is the importance of family, followed by the community and society
as a whole. The adoption of these values has established a traditional balance of family life, including
the provision of informal care for elderly family members. Here, the role of women is especially
relevant, because daughters and daughters-in-law are most often the care givers (Teo, Chan, &
Straughan, 2003). However, with the fast growing economy and modern views on female participation
in the labour force, this balance is affected. The next generation of Singaporean women has more
opportunities to develop themselves, resulting in higher education levels and higher participation rates
in the (international) labour market (Mehta & Vasoo, 2002). The amount of double-income households
is rising with a percentage of 54% in 2015 compared to 47% in 2010 (Government of Singapore, 2015).
Traditional structures of family-based care have become more difficult to maintain and families are
struggling to find a compatible path combining tradition, diverging expectations, personal aspirations,
responsibilities and finances (Teo, Graham, Yeoh, & Levy, 2003; Wu & Chan, 2011). Moreover, in line
with modernization processes, increasingly individualistic lifestyles could lead adult-children to
become less inclined to take care of their parents as well.
Combined with a fast aging population, the social and economic developments pose challenges
for the organization of elderly care. The lacking presence of a care giver due to the increased female
labour force participation confronts the Singaporean government with outdated health care policies
and the harsh realization of required change. The state stresses the responsibility of the individual and
the family in securing proper care and only facilitates social and health services. The government relies
most on families in the provision of care and support for elderly and they have expressed their
intentions to remain a facilitator of care rather than a provider. On the one hand, the government
attempted to enable this by addressing families to commit to their sense of duty towards elderly or
filial piety, guided by Confucian principles. Filial piety can be defined as ‘’unconditional material and