The global navigation satellite system glonass and segments

THE GLOBAL NAVIGATION SATELLITE SYSTEM GLONASS AND SEGMENTS

İsmayilova Shamsiyya

Space İnfocommunication Technology
Hasanova Tarana-M1533aİ

THE GLOBAL NAVIGATION SATELLITE SYSTEM GLONASS AND SEGMENTS

Abstract: The Global Orbital Navigation System (GLONASS) is a radio-based satellite navigation. GLONASS originated as a project initiated by the former Soviet Union in the 1970s and took some time to become fully operational, and is currently a system operated by the Russian Space Force for the Russian government. GLONASS is designed for military and civilian purposes and is used in air, land and sea navigation, mapping, reconnaissance and other applications.Today, GLONASS performs the same function together with GPS and is an important navigation system that helps users determine their location around the world.Currently, GLONASS consists of a constellation of 21 satellites and three spare parts. These satellites orbit for 11 hours and 15 minutes at an altitude of 19,100 km, and each satellite transmits on a unique frequency using the same false-tone code. GLONASS's operations are generally divided into three distinct segments: Space Segment,Monitoring Segment,User Segment
Key words: GLONASS, satellite navigation system, Russian Space Forces, Space Segment, Monitoring Segment, User Segment
Introduction
The first proposal to use satellites for navigation was made by V.S. Shebashevic in 1957¹. The Global Orbital Navigation System (GLONASS) is a radio-based satellite navigation. GLONASS originated as a project initiated by the former Soviet Union in the 1970s and took some time to become fully operational, and is currently a system operated by the Russian Space Force for the Russian government. GLONASS is designed for military and civilian purposes and is used in air, land and sea navigation, mapping, reconnaissance and other applications².
Flight tests of the Russian high-orbit satellite navigation system called GLONASS began in October 1982 with the launch of the Kosmos-1413 satellite. However, after the collapse of the Soviet Union, due to financial problems and technical difficulties, the system could not perform at full capacity for a long time. The GLONASS system was officially launched in 1993.
In 1995, it was brought into a fully operational constellation (first generation 24 GLONASS satellites). A major drawback that needs to be addressed

was the lack of civilian navigation equipment and civilian users. Later, Russia accelerated work on the system and made it fully functional in 2001.

In 2002, the GLONASS constellation consisted of 7 satellites, which, even with its limited availability, was not enough for navigation support of the Russian territory. GLONASS lagged behind GPS in terms of accuracy.
In the 2010s, GLONASS became more advanced in global navigation and its use increased worldwide. Today, GLONASS performs the same function as GPS and is an important part of the navigation systems that help users determine their location around the world. One of the most important features of GLONASS is that it can provide uninterrupted global coverage like other satellite navigation systems. This feature allows users to access accurate location information at any point.
Currently, GLONASS consists of a constellation of 21 satellites and three spare parts. These satellites orbit for 11 hours and 15 minutes at an altitude of 19,100 km, and each satellite transmits on a unique frequency using the same false-tone code³
GLONASS's operations are generally divided into three distinct segments:
1. Space Segment: Consists of a satellite network and includes GLONASS satellites in Earth orbit.
2. Control Segment: The satellite system consists of ground stations that perform observation and monitoring processes.
3. User Segment: Includes end-user devices and receivers using GLONASS. Users can access location information by receiving satellite signals through this segment⁴.
Together, these three segments of GLONASS are coordinated to ensure proper system operation. They are end-user devices that receive GLONASS signals and use location data.
Thus, overall, we conclude that these segments together enable GLONASS to provide accurate positioning services worldwide.

Methodology