Notes on Sources [ 303 ]
turers, p. 146). It will be remembered that Adam Smith expected the land-divorced
laborer to lose all intellectual interest. And M'Farlane expected "that the knowl-
edge of writing and accounts will every day become less frequent among the com-
mon people" {Enquiries Concerning the Poor, 1782, pp. 249-50). A generation later
Owen put down the laborers' degradation to "neglect in infancy" and "overwork,"
thus rendering them "incompetent from ignorance to make a good use of high
wages when they can procure them." He himself paid them low wages and raised
their status by creating for them artificially an entirely new cultural environment.
The vices developed by the mass of the people were on the whole the same as char-
acterized colored populations debased by disintegrating culture contact: dissipa-
tion, prostitution, thievishness, lack of thrift and providence, slovenliness, low
productivity of labor, lack of self-respect and stamina. The spreading of market
economy was destroying the traditional fabric of the rural society, the village
community, the family, the old form of land tenure, the customs and standards
that supported life within a cultural framework. The protection afforded by
Speenhamland made matters only worse. By the 1830s the social catastrophe of the
common people was as complete as that of the Kaffir is today. One and alone, an
eminent Negro sociologist, Charles S. Johnson, reversed the analogy between ra-
cial debasement and class degradation, applying it this time to the latter: "In En-
gland, where, incidentally, the Industrial Revolution was more advanced than in
the rest of Europe, the social chaos which followed the drastic economic reorgani-
zation converted impoverished children into the 'pieces' that the African slaves
were, later, to become.... The apologies for the child serf system were almost
identical with those of the slave trade" ("Race Relations and Social Change," in
E. Thompson, Race Relations and the Race Problem, 1939, p. 274).
Index
Acland, John, 296
Act of Settlement, 82,90,92,98-99,
109,110,142, 289-290
Africa, 6,19, 54, 63; colonies, 221;
conditions of natives, 172; effect
of white man on native culture,
165-6; exploitation of, 166
Agrarian Society, 43
Agrarianism, 197
Agriculture, 47, 70
Aid-in-rent, 101
Aid-in-wages, 86, 92,97-98,106, 285
Algiers, 6,13
Allotments, 292
Allowance system in industrial
towns, 292 ff.
Aluminium industry, 149
Andaman Islanders, 278
Angell, Norman, 198
Angouleme, Due d', 5
Anti-Combination Laws, 85,126,
219, 271
Anti-Corn Law Bill, 144,174
Antwerp, 66
Applegarth, Robert, 296
Apprenticeship, 90-91
Arnold, Thurman, 155
Ashley, Sir William James, 283,297
Asia, 19
Atwood of Birmingham, 235
Australians (aborigines), 62
Austria, 5, 8,13,19,24,32,154,196,
197,298; and currency, 26,238;
and Fascism, 246,249; and
labour, 251
Austro-Hungary, 183
Autarchist empires, 24
Babylonia, 54,280
Baghdad Railway, 13; bibliography,
272-273
Balance of power, 3, 6 ff, 17,30,249;
bibliography, 272; and Bismarck,
19; and disarmament, 22; and
peace, 19; System, 8 ff., 23, 220,
269 ff.
Balkans, 19,222
Baltic States, 24
Bank of England, 10,27, 233
Bank of Exchange, 113
Banking: international, 10 ff.;
national, 11,13-14; in United
States, 237. See also Central
Banking.
Barnes-Becker-Becker, 272
Barter, 71. See also Exchange; Trade,
Markets.
Basra, 13
Bauer, Otto, 26
Beer, Max, 287
Belasco, R S., 297
Belgium, 5, 6, 8; and currency, 238
Bellers, John, 110 ff., 115
Belsham, Will, 296
Benedict, Ruth, 278
Bentham, Jeremy, 88,111 ff, 122,124
[305]
[306]
Index
ff., 145-146,177,189,233,285,
286,296
Bentham, Sir Samuel, 111
Bergdama (tribesmen), 53
Berkshire magistrates, 82, 85, 88
Berlin, 24,181
Berlin, Congress of. See Congress of
Berlin.
Birmingham, 154
Bismarck-Schonhausen, Prince Otto
Eduard Leopold von, 19,26,183,
222; and Austria, 8; and the Con-
cert of Europe, 8; and Protec-
tionism, 213
Blackmore, J. S., 297
Blake, William, 102
Blanc, Louis, 111,113
Bleichroeders, 276
Bolshevism, 197,199,251, 254-255
Borkenau, Franz, 191
Bourbons, 271
Bourse of Paris. See Paris, Bourse.
Brinkmann, C, 172,189
Bristol Corporation for the Poor,
111
British Blue Book, 254
British Dominions, 270
Brtlning, John, 237,250
Budapest, 24,181
Buecher, Carl, 279, 280, 285
Buell, R. L., 272
Bulgaria, 6,24,24; currency, 27; Fas-
cism, 245,249
Bullion report, 299
Burgesses, 67, 68
Burke, Edmund, 88,97,121 ff, 133,
232,235, 270, 285,297
Cadiz, Spain, 5
Calvin, John, 116
Canada, 221
Cannan, E., 129
Canning, Charles John, 97,222,269,
274
Capital, 16,25,38, 69,137
Capitalism, 16,29, 84,102,166,168,
175,221, 231,233, 245,251; in
England, 188; in France, 188
Carlyle, Thomas, 102
Carr, E.H., 213, 272
Cartels, 7, 213
Cary, John, 111
Central banking, 201 ff., 219
Central Europe, 24,192,196,224
Centralized State, 69
Chaddar, 167
Chaga, 65
Chamberlain, Joseph, 154
Chamberlain, Neville, 254
Change, 35,39,158 ff., 245 ff.; to one
party system, 252
Charles I, King, 233
Charles II, King, 233
Chartism, 234
Chartist Movement, 180 ff., 233
Child labour, 121,164,179-180,303
Chimney Sweepers' Act, 152
China, 6, 54,280
Chrestomathic Day School, 126
Christian Socialists, 249
Christianity, 133,177,180,268
Churchill, Winston, 26
City of London, 14,27,221,253,274
City-states, 6
Civilization, 3,4, 21,31,245,257 ff.,
265
Clapham, J. H., 43,97,102, 272,287,
297
Class interest, 158 ff, 259
Classes, 105-106,120,138-139,158-
159,182. See also Middle class.
Clergy, 194-195
Clive, Lord (Robert), 222
Cloth trade, 68
Cobbett, William, 234
Cobden, Richard, 192
Code Napoleon, 189
Cole, G.D.H., 176,226
Collectivism, 151,155,161,169-170,
283,287
"Collectivist Conspiracy," 156,163,
213, 223
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