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The Scientific Revolution of the 17th Century was based on the intellectual & scientific accomplishments of previous centuries
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tarix | 25.07.2018 | ölçüsü | 13,58 Mb. | | #58518 |
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The Scientific Revolution of the 17th Century was based on the intellectual & scientific accomplishments of previous centuries The Scientific Revolution of the 17th Century was based on the intellectual & scientific accomplishments of previous centuries - Influences:
- Mathematical & naturalistic skills of Renaissance artists
- The Hermetic belief in magic & alchemy
- The humanists 'rediscovery of Greek mathematicians & thinkers
- The inspired work of a few intellectuals
- Leonardo da Vinci believed that Mathematics was the KEY to understanding the nature of things.
- Scholars devoted to Hermeticism saw the world as a living embodiment of divinity where humans could use mathematics and magic to dominate nature.
- Greatest achievements in science during the 16th & 17th Centuries came in:
- ASTRONOMY,
- MEDICINE,
- & MECHANICS
Geocentric Universe - Ten Spheres surrounded the Earth (see slide)
- Christianized Ptolemaic Universe (see slide) called Geocentric Universe – Earth the Center, Sun revolves around Earth
Copernicus - Nicolaus Copernicus (1473 – 1543), Polish – studied at Krakow, then in Italy at Bologna & Padua
- On The Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres
- Heliocentric Universe – Sun the center, planets revolve around it
- Copernicus’ ideas were nearly as complicated as those of Ptolemy
- Luther & other Protestant leaders condemned his discovery as contrary to their literal interpretation of the Bible.
Tycho Brahe – Danish Nobleman built his own castle w/ an observatory & instruments he designed Tycho Brahe – Danish Nobleman built his own castle w/ an observatory & instruments he designed - made accurate observations of the planets
Johannes Kepler (1571 – 1630) - Used data to derive the 3 laws of Planetary Motion that confirmed Copernicus’s heliocentric theory but that showed the orbits were Elliptical.
Galileo Galilei (1564 – 1642) - The Telescope
- The Starry Messenger
- Condemned by the Church (put under house arrest) for ridiculing the Ptolemaic model in PRINT.
- He was forced to Recant
- Dialogue on the Two Chief World Systems: Ptolemaic and Copernican – was an attempt by Galileo to support Copernicus through a publication in Italian accessible to a wide audience.
- He discovered the Principle of Inertia
- Scientific leadership passes to England, France and the Netherlands
Chair of Mathematics at Cambridge University Chair of Mathematics at Cambridge University Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy (1684 – 1686): The Principia - Three Laws of Motions
- Gravity
- Calculus
Newton’s scientific discoveries were readily accepted in England but were resisted on the continent The Planets obey the same laws as do the objects on Earth.
Medieval Medicine dominated by Galen (the 4 humors – blood, yellow bile, phlegm, black bile) Medieval Medicine dominated by Galen (the 4 humors – blood, yellow bile, phlegm, black bile) Paracelsus – Philippus Aureolus von Hohenheim (he was vain & short-tempered; didn’t hold onto jobs very long b/c of his bad temper) - He & his followers used very careful attention to the proper dosage of their chemically prepared metals & minerals.
Andreas Vesalius (1514 – 1564) William Harvey - On the Motion of the Heart and Blood (1628) – refuted the ideas of the liver as the beginning point of the circulation of blood.
- Circulation of the blood
New Opportunities for Women – ONLY FOR THE ELITE New Opportunities for Women – ONLY FOR THE ELITE Largely informal education Margaret Cavendish (1623 – 1673) - Observations upon Experimental Philosophy
- Grounds of Natural Philosophy
- Attacked the belief that humans through science were masters of nature.
Maria Sibylla Merian - Entomologist
- The Metamorphosis of the Insects of Surinam
Maria Winkelmann (1670 – 1720) - German astronomer
- Discovered comet
- Rejected for a post by the Berlin Academy
Benedict Spinoza believed that women were “naturally” inferior to men Benedict Spinoza believed that women were “naturally” inferior to men Women portrayed as inherently base, prone to vice, easily swayed, and “sexually insatiable” Women joined debate in the 17th century and reject this view Science used to “perpetrate old stereotypes about women” Scientific revolution reaffirmed traditional ideas about women’s nature
Rene Descartes (1596 – 1650) Rene Descartes (1596 – 1650) - Discourse on Method (1637)
- “I think, therefore I am.”
- Separation of mind and matter
- Cartesian Dualism
- Father of modern rationalism
- Descartes believed that the world could be understood by the same principles inherent in mathematical thinking.
The Scientific Method The Scientific Method - Francis Bacon (1561 – 1626)
- The foundation of Francis Bacon’s methodology was Inductive Reasoning
- Rejects Copernicus and Kepler; Misunderstands Galileo
- The Great Instauration (The Great Restoration)
- Correct Scientific Method built on inductive principles
- Proceed from the particular to the general
- Experimentation
- Control and domination of nature
- Descartes
- Deduction and mathematical logic
- Newton
- Unites Bacon’s empiricism and Descartes rationalism
People recognized Science’s rational superiority People recognized Science’s rational superiority Science offered new ways to exploit resources for profit
English Royal Society – began as informal meetings among scientists as early as 1640s but did not receive formal charter until 1662 under King Charles II. English Royal Society – began as informal meetings among scientists as early as 1640s but did not receive formal charter until 1662 under King Charles II. - Received little government encouragement & tis fellows simply co-opted new members.
French Royal Society - also began as informal meetings in Paris around the 1650s but was chartered by King Louis XIV in 1666. - Received abundant state support
- Remained under government control
- Its members were appointed & paid salaries by the state.
Conflict between Science and Religion Conflict between Science and Religion - Scientific beliefs triumph
- Religious beliefs suffer
Benedict de Spinoza - Philosophy of pantheism (see next slide)
Blaise Pascal (1623 – 1662) - Sought to keep science and religion united
- Mystical vision (1654)
- Pensées (Thoughts)
- Attempted to convince rationalists that Christianity was valid by appealing to their reason & emotions.
- Christianity not contrary to reason
- Reason had limits – Humans could not understand infinity only God could.
During 17th century royal & princely patronage of science became an international phenomenon During 17th century royal & princely patronage of science became an international phenomenon The scientific societies of early modern Europe established the first scientific journals appearing regularly Science became an integral part of Western culture in the 18th century because it offered a new means to make profits & maintain social order The Scientific Revolution was a major turning point in Western Civilization
How did the Middle Ages and the Renaissance contribute to the Scientific Revolution? How did the Middle Ages and the Renaissance contribute to the Scientific Revolution? Why were advances in Mathematics so important during the Scientific Revolution? Why did religious leaders react so negatively to the new advances in Science, especially in astronomy? Why is Newton’s Principia called the “hinge point of modern scientific thought? How did women come to play such an important role in the Scientific Revolution? Why did the scientific society refuse to recognize women involved in the sciences?
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