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plemented with other considerations, perhaps having to do with processing, that
restrict the VPs that can be used as antecedents. Perhaps distance from the el-
lipsis site is one heuristic: if we consider (48) as a linear string, we see that the
VP clean is six VPs back from the ellipsis site for which it is being considered
as a possible antecedent.
2.3
Binderless Sloppy Readings
I will now consider how we should deal with cases of binderless sloppy read-
ings. Let us reconsider (10), repeated here as (52):
(52)
If John has trouble at school, I’ll help him, but if Bill does, I won’t.
Recall that this example can mean, “. . . if Bill has trouble at school I won’t help
Bill.”
Given the analysis of pronouns as definite articles and names as predi-
cates outlined in section 2.1.2, this case in fact reduces to the last one. Binder-
less sloppy readings, in other words, are also cases of ellipsis-containing an-
tecedents. The initial (slightly simplified) structure of the current example is the
following:
(53)
if
THE
John T v have trouble at school, I will v help him NP
if
THE
Bill does v VP, I will not v VP
Note that it makes sense under the current conception of pronouns to say that
there is NP-deletion after him, since him is a determiner. (It would differ from
the normal definite article the in allowing NP-deletion after it.) Hence the bare
NP node following him in (53). The resolution of the first VP-ellipsis is straight-
forward:
(54)
if
THE
John T v have trouble at school, I will v help him NP
if
THE
Bill does v have trouble at school, I will not v VP
The Semantics of Ellipsis
81
We now replace the remaining bare VP node with a copy of the matrix VP of
the first sentence:
(55)
if
THE
John T v have trouble at school, I will v help him NP
if
THE
Bill does v have trouble at school, I will not v help him NP
And we resolve the two instances of NP-deletion in the most straightforward
way by taking antecedents in the respective sentences of the bare NP nodes:
(56)
if
THE
John T v have trouble at school, I will v help him John
if
THE
Bill does v have trouble at school, I will not v help him Bill
Again, the correct meaning is obtained. The other examples of binderless sloppy
readings will work analogously.
2.4
Split Antecedents
Recall the examples of split antecedents in (16)–(18), repeated here as (57)–
(59).
(57)
Bob wants to sail round the world and Alice wants to climb Kilimanjaro,
but neither of them can, because money is too tight.
(58)
I did everything Mary did. Mary swam the English Channel and Mary
climbed Kilimanjaro, and I did too.
(59)
Whenever Max uses the fax or Oscar uses the Xerox, I can’t.
(57) seems to be interpreted something like “. . . neither of them can do what
they want to do.” (58) means “. . . I swam the English Channel and climbed
Kilimanjaro too.” And (59) seems to mean “. . . I cannot use whichever machine
is being used.”
Given that these interpretations do not appear to have very close syntactic
links to any antecedent Verb Phrases, it is tempting at this point to say that we
have been on the wrong track all along, and that the interpretation of an elided
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Paul Elbourne
VP can be any property of events that the hearer might reasonably be expected
to work out. But this would be going too far. Consider (60), which is taken from
Heim 1996.
(60)
The garbage can is full. *I hope that you will, for a change.
It is obvious here that the speaker means “I hope that you will take out the
garbage.” But despite the fact that it is easy to work out the intended meaning,
this example does not work as a VP-ellipsis. There must be a tighter connection
with some previous VP.
One rarely considered option that might nevertheless be explored at this
stage is to say that the elided VP can be interpreted as any property of events
that has some syntactic connection with an antecedent VP. For example, we can
interpret (57) as “. . . neither of them can do what they want to do” because we
have the word want in a preceding VP. On this theory, (60) would not felici-
tous because no plausible VP meaning can be reconstructed that would use any
functions contributed by any word in the antecedent VP is full. In particular,
neither of these words contributes anything from which the meaning “take out
the garbage” can be constructed. This is too unimaginative, though. If we are
allowed to create “. . . neither of them can do what they want to do” solely on the
basis of the word want and a shrewd idea of what the speaker might be driving
at, then surely we could construct “make the garbage can not be full any more”
from the word full and the same kind of shrewd idea. But, to repeat, (60) does
not seem to be a successful VP-ellipsis, no matter what precise way we think of
understanding it.
I conclude that in these cases, then, we still have a very close connection
to the antecedents. In particular, I assume that reference must be made to the
exact form of the antecedent VPs, as in Theory the First.
7
As a first step, let us
reexamine the examples and see if we can come up with paraphrases that seem
7
We will return to the cases of ellipsis with no linguistic antecedent in section 2.5.
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