The tashkent medical academy



Yüklə 68,37 Kb.
tarix04.12.2017
ölçüsü68,37 Kb.
#13831

THE TASHKENT MEDICAL ACADEMY
CHAIR OF PUBLIC SCIENCES № 1

Lecture №3 in a subject

"Philosophy"
Theme: Philosophy of Ancient

Greece and Rome


The lecturer: the candidate of philosophical sciences,

Senior teacher Atamuratova F.S.

Tashkent 2013

Theme 3: The Philosophy of Ancient Greece Rome.

The plan:

1. Main periods of ancient philosophy.

2. Philosophy of ancient Greece.

3. Philosophy of ancient Rome.

1. Ancient philosophy that emerged in the late VII-VI century. O.E. in Asia Minor of the then Hellas - Ionia, meant the emergence of philosophy as a discipline. Ancient philosophy, we are called doctrine arose in ancient Greece and ancient Rome. Her pre-walked the mythology of ancient Greece, which found its expression mainly in the epics of Homer "Iliad" and "Odyssey" and Hesiod (VI-VII centuries O.E.).

In the history of ancient philosophy, there are three main stages. The first are the Milesian school, Heraclitus, and the Eleatic school (philosophy of period VI-V centuries O.E.). The second phase (V-IV centuries O.E.) Development of Greek philosophy is associated with the names of of thinkers Socrates, Plato, Aristotle, the school atomists (Leucippus, Democritus), the Sophists (Protagoras, Gorgias). By the third, this Hellenistic philosophy - are three main trends: skepticism, Epicureanism and Stoicism (IV-III centuries O.E.).

2. Ancient Greek philosophy arose not in mainland Greece, and the Ionian cities of the western coast of Asia Minor, founded by the Greeks. The most developed industrial and commercial center were those cities that were at the crossroads of trade children. In one of the largest cities of Miletus in the late VII-VI centuries. O.E. and there were first philosophies. The first ancient Greek philosopher and the founder of the Milesian school was Thales (from 624-547 years. O.E.). He is considered the founder of European science and philosophy. Together with Anaximander and Anaksimenom on which he had a great influence, Thales has developed philosophical belief system.

For thinkers Milesian school is characterized by such features in common:

- At the heart of all things is "primordial", it by no one and to create there forever;

- The main feature "primal" is a movement;

- The world has resulted from the movement of matter;

- There is only matter in motion, therefore, all varies;

- Every thing is the "unity of opposites."

Thales of Miletus (from 625-547 O.E.) - the ancestor of European science and philosophy, in addition, a mathematician, astronomer and politician, was highly respected citizens, Thales was of Phoenician noble kind. He traveled a lot, and tried to apply their knowledge in practice. He is the author of many technical improvements implemented measurement monuments, pyramids, temples in Egypt.

Thales made literally a revolution in the outlook, putting forward the idea of ​​substance, the fundamental principle of all, to summarize all the variety in one nature and seeing the beginning of all the moisture: because it permeates everything. Aristotle said that Thales was the first attempt to find a physical start without the help of myths. Moisture and actually omnipresent element, everything is out of the water and the water is drawn. Water as a natural beginning, is the bearer of all the changes and transformations. This is indeed a brilliant idea of ​​conservation. Although the idea of ​​Thales firstcontently seems naive to us now, but from a historical point of view it is very important: in the "all out of the water" was given "resignation" Olympic, i.e. pagan gods, ultimately mythological thinking, and went on to a natural explanation of the nature. What else is the genius of the father of European philosophy? He first got the idea of ​​the unity of the Universe. This idea, once born, will never die: it communicated to his disciples and the disciples of his disciples. Thales, as his successor, was on the point of view of Hylozoism (from the Greek. Hyle-substance, zoe-life) - beliefs on which life - an intrinsic property of matter that exists in itself moving, and at the same time and animation. Thales believed that the soul is diffused in all things. Thales saw the soul as something spontaneously active. According to Plutarch, Thales universal intelligence called God: God is the mind of the world.

Thales successor Anaximander (from 610-540 O.E.), the first to lift up the original idea of ​​infinity of worlds. For primal things he took Apeiron - indefinite and unlimited substance: it changes frequently, as a whole remains unchanged. This is characterized as the beginning of an infinite divine creative-motor force: it is not available to sense perception, but understandable reason. Since this is the beginning of forever, it is inexhaustible in their educational opportunities specific realities. All that exists, as it were scattered as tiny lobules. As small particles of gold bullion form, particles of the land to its specific arrays.

The third representative Milesian school Anaximenes (from 585 - 525 O.E.). He believed that the original is the only air, thought it as infinite and saw him ease variability spine and turn things. According to Anaksimen, all things emerged from the air and its variants are generated by its concentration and discharge. In order to adequately assess these as it seems now, "naive" idea Milesians, we recall that the great Kant, in his history of the period claimed that the planets and all the heavenly bodies are composed and derived from the infinity of the gaseous mass. So Milesians make a breakthrough with their views, which clearly posed the question: "What does it?" Answers are different, but they laid the foundation for his own philosophical approach to the subject of the origin of things: the idea of ​​substance, that is, to the foundation, and the essence of all things and phenomena the Universe.

Eleatic school (V from O.E.). One of the schools of thought of this time - Elea (on behalf of the city Elea in southern Italy). She is represented by philosophers: Parmenides, Xenophanes, and Zeno.

Considered the founder of the Eleatic school of Xenophanes (570 - 478 years. O.E.). For the first time in the history of philosophy, he suggested that all the gods - the fruit of the human imagination that people invented gods in their own image, attributing them to their physical and moral traits WIDE disadvantages. Gods of antiquity he opposed one god, that is one with nature. Here's his view of the world: "All that is All whole ¬ Retained, is the one "," one God "," god of spherical and not like a man, "" it is the mind, thinking and eternity "," may all be one and the same, and it is God, never born, eternal forms. " People are not created by the gods, and were born out of the ground and water.

Disciple of Xenophanes - Parmenides (540-480 years. O.E.) - held that there is still only being and non-being does not exist. All this and there is a God, he is motionless, is finite and has a ball. In addition, the sage is believed that there are two philosophies: one is true, and the other - opinion. The criterion of truth is the mind. Feelings do not give accurate information, they are misleading. To know the truth, you know feeling. Thus, Parmenides explain the universe as one that exists, without beginning and spherical, fixed. This, according to him, the truth.

Impetus to its further development of the Eleatic school win by Zeno (490-430 years. O.E.), the favorite disciple of Parmenides, who tried to prove the unity and stillness of being. Zeno's argument is this: "Moving [subject] does not move either in the place where he was, nor where it is not."

Aristotle gives four judgments Zeno's motion - the so-called paradoxes (from the Greek. Well - denial and poros - road, bridge). Aporia - an insoluble problem, predefined contradiction between observation and attempt their interpretation in terms. As an example, the first proposition: a flying arrow is at rest (as it is at every moment, that rests in a place). "The flying boom is stationary," for "me time ¬ consists of separate" now. "

Around the same time created Heraclitus (544-483 years. O.E.) of Ephesus, also had a great impact on the further development of philosophy. Like the Milesians, Heraclitus believed that everything came from some first principles. This, in his view, is fire. He is the most agile, able to change, is not only the cycle of things, but the basic principle of the formation of the universe, the basis of all cosmic processes.

Widely known position of Heraclitus: "The world is one of all, do not create ¬ given by any of the gods of the people and no one, and has been, is and will forever live fire, naturally flammable, naturally dying." He owns the famous words: "Everything flows", "In the same river can not step twice," "Nothing in the world still as cold warmer, warm turns cold, wet dry, dry hydrated."

Thus, the naive materialism combined with Heraclitus-natural dialectic. He claimed that "everything flows, everything changes", there is nothing fixed. Changes in the nature of Heraclitus considered shaft as a result of the struggle of opposites, thought that antioppositely interconnected relativepassed and into each other.

Heraclitus taught that the world is one of all, is not created by any of the gods, and none of the people, was, is and will forever live fire, naturally flammable and natural dying. Fire way of perpetual motion. Fire as the visible form of the combustion process is the most appropriate definition for the element, defined as a substance, which is characterized by that it is the eternal process of "burning" the dynamics of things. But this does not mean that Heraclitus in place of air and water set the fire. The case is much thinner. True Heraclitus Space - this is always blazing fire, but it is a living fire. It is identical deity.

Heraclitus recognized knowability of the world, believed that cognition of the outside world is through the senses and thinking.

Atomism. Apex of ancient materialism are the views of representatives of the so-called atomistic direction, which was presented to Leucippus (500-440 years. O.E.) and Democritus (460-330 years. O.E.). Leucippus first proposed the theory of "atoms" and "emptiness." His students and researchers was Democritus.

Democritus shared being and nothingness, emptiness. Before him, such a separation of not. Being broken into particles of emptiness. They are compact (being without nothingness), i.e. atoms (indivisible). They differ among themselves form, movement, size (and weight). Sensual susceptibility Niemann quality (color, smell, etc.) are subjective. Everything in the world with consists of atoms and their movement, the movement is the nature of atoms. The soul, according to Democritus, too, is made of atoms - cool, smooth, tiny and mobile, that is, from the fire. They are located in the body. Feeling arises cabins on the motion of the atoms (perception - from the end of bodily formation call). Thinking - from the most delicate issue, is it thinner than feelings.

Natural-philosophical views of Democritus influenced the formation of a philosophy of Hippocrates (460-337 years. O.E.) - the most famous representative of ancient Greek medicine. All who have studied the works of Hippocrates, see its historical significance in the next two important merits: first, that he has begun proper governmental method of medicine - "surveillance at the bedside," and, secondly, the fact he is the author of the theory of basic groin physique and temperament of the people, who gave thus the key to understanding the physiology and pathology, and, therefore, to his healing.

Based on the ideas of Democritus that the basis of all things are atoms with their eternal motion and his theory of the nature of human , Hippocrates identified and described the main types of people depending on their temperament and physique. They are, according to Hippocrates, tire: 1) sanguine (blood in the body predominates), 2) choleric (in the body prevails yellow bile), and 3) phlegmatic (phlegm in the body predominates), 4) melancholic (in the body dominated by black bile ).

Thus, Hippocrates introduced to medicine theory of the formation of the person, the environment, the material origin of psy-archical warehouse people, the unity of human nature.

For many years it was thought that the medicine of Hippocrates identified philosophy. More correctly, perhaps, to say that he put to the philosophy service medicine synthesized philosophical and medical - sanitary presentation.

Hippocrates is the father of clinical medicine. He viewed the body as a complex system of organs. Established the dependence between the state of the organism and the environment, and so thing is that the outcome of treatment is directly related to the protection forces of the body ("Nature heals, and the doctor is watching"). Great merit of Hippocrates in the study of moral principles of healing, as demonstrated by the immortal "Hippocratic Oath."

Hippocrates overcame the mystic, religious, anti-scientific perception of the world and thus opened the way for the further development of medicine as a science and as an art.

"... Our credit him equally obliged Medicine and Philosophy: delineating the area of ​​both, he at the same time removed from the two different views of à priori and too bold hypotheses. Medicine he established as a separate and distinct from all other sciences, which has its own method, which is a rational combination of experience with index induction, ie in the precise observation and understanding of the facts a method of is known at the present time under the name of the pilot ... Using this method, medical art Hippocrates built on the degree of science in this, indeed, is a great, passed them in medicine revolution ... "(Kovner SG History IU medicine, 1878).

The Pythagorean school was founded by Pythagoras (b. 580 - 570 years. O.E.). He first called the philosophy of that name, but the beginning of her thought and the prisoners therein proportionality (harmony). Numbers, Pythagoras taught, enter into the secret of things, and universal harmony is the perfect expression of God. In the school of Pythagoras life had to help cleanse the body and soul, which is achieved by proper swarm hygiene and strict discipline NRA Islands. This school has alternated gymnastics and medicine, music and science. Pythagoras called his disciples to "mathematics", because Training begins with the study of numbers. Sacred Mathematics was his science principles that is the essence of things. Number of Pythagoras - not an abstract quantity, but a significant and active as the supreme unity, ie, God, the source of world harmony. Science of numbers was a science of living forces, divine qualities in action, and in the worlds (the macrocosm) and The Rights (microcosm).

Sophists and sophistry: Protagoras, Gorgias, Prodicus. In the 5th century. O.E. in many cities in Greece to replace the old political power of the aristocracy came to power and tyranny slave-owning democracy.

Sophist first called person was committed to mental activity or skilled in what _ or wisdom, including scholarships.

   Sophists were many, but we will focus on the three most characteristic effect of this trend - Protagoras, Gorgias, Prodicus. Each of them has a unique personality, but on the whole they shared similar views.

Sophists - the teachers of wisdom - were not only political and legal technology activities, and at the same time taught and the philosophy. It is important to emphasize that the sophists have focused on social issues, on the person and on the problems of communication, teaching public speaking and political activities, as well as specific scientific and philosophical knowledge. Some sophists taught the techniques and forms of belief and evidence, regardless of the question of truth. Make a point, and even resorted to absurd passages of thought.

In their quest for credibility, sophists reached the idea that it is possible, and often need to prove anything, and also to refute anything, depending on the interest and the circumstances that led to indifference to the truth of the proofs and refutations. Thus arose the ways of thinking, which became known as sophistry.

Most fully expressed are the views of the Sophists Protagoras. He owns a famous proposition that "man is the measure of all things: the existing, that they exist and do not exist, they do not exist." He says about the relativity of all knowledge, proving that every statement can be contrasted with an equal basis contrary to his assertion. Dialectics as a kind of philosophical thinking for the first time in vivid form in Heraclitus, then at eliatov, the Gorgias, it has rather negative character only as a means of proof or disproof, and with the deprived systematic.

In his work "On Nature" Gorgias shows three positions: that nothing exists, and if anything, then it is not knowable, it is ineffable and inexplicable. As a result, he came to the conclusion that nothing can be said reliably.

Prodikos show exceptional interest in the language, the denominative function of words, to the problems of semantics and synonyms, ie identification match the meaning of words, the correct use of words. He pays great attention to the rules of the dispute, approaching the problem analysis techniques refutation, which was of great value to the discussions.

It should be noted that the Sophists were the first teachers and researchers of art expression. It was with them begins philosophical linguistics.

Socrates. Period preceding of Socrates called natural philosophy. Socrates (469-399 years. O.E.) was the ancestor of the second period of ancient philosophy (orientation philosophy on knowledge).

Sources for its study are the works of Plato and Aristotle, as Socrates himself wrote nothing. To understand its philosophy views are important dialogues of Plato, such as the "Feast", "Phaedo", "Apology of Socrates."

The main place in Socratic philosophy belongs to the doctrine of knowledge and ethics. Socrates believed that the right knowledge to be determined with the help of two methods: 1) the method of allocation of the total number of special cases, and 2) to identify signs, lost in the overall analysis.

Socrates himself called his method of teaching maieutics - "povishing art." He explained it this way: just as the midwife helps women in childbirth, and he did not tell his disciples, no knowledge, but helping them make clear the thoughts that "pregnant" their heads. Socrates believed that the use knowledge is innate in man acquired his soul, when it is not embodied in the body. This true knowledge is stored in the soul in the form of memories of the true being, which is awakened in man are in the hard work of thought.

Speaking about the ethics of Socrates, it should be noted that the moral commitment, following the views of the ancient sage, already exist in every human being and to turn into a virtue necessary to recall them. Virtue is knowledge, and that knowledge of the good. Vice is only from a lack of knowledge from error.

Socrates was convinced that people are naturally good, and his teachings can be called but ethical intellectualism as He considered the understanding of knowledge of good and intellectual element, the most important part of morality.

Activity of Socrates was the basis for the formation of a number of ethical schools of ancient Greece. The most significant of these were the hedonic and cynical.

Plato (427-347. O.E.) was a famous teacher of philosophy at Athens, where he founded his own school, called the Academy (owner of land, which was bought by Plato's name was, in the opinion of some scholars of antiquity, the Academy). School represented a university at the time, who had college students, professors, and after the death of Plato chooses from its midst the rector, who ran for life and was a philosopher.

In the philosophical system of Plato is quite clearly you can see all four of the philosophical knowledge of the time: ontology, cosmology, epistemology, and ethics.

One of the important provisions of the Platonic ontology is in fact time-division into two worlds: the world of ideas and the world of sensible things. Primary, "the truth is," Plato called the world of the eternal, unchanging, self-existing entities - ideas. Secondary, derived from them, he called all the manifold varieties perceived world. Ideas in terms of Plato, can be considered as objective things, aspire to some Mehta. Plato's ideas are a kind of hierarchy, which is completed by a supreme idea, which is very good, the very beauty and perfection.

With the doctrine of being in the system of Plato closely associated cosmology, in which he developed the theory of the creation of the first deity of the Cosmos Chaos. Plato calls the creator of the world divine the organizer of the world, which all led out of the mess in the order dock inspired mind the soul of the Cosmos, and the spirit to the body. In addition to the world-soul, Plato acknowledged the existence of stars, human souls, souls Ms BOTH and plants.

Plato's theory of knowledge is based on his theory of the soul. Plato believed that man, as corporeal beings, mortal. The soul of his disorder mortal. When a person dies, his soul does not die, but only exempt from the body and begins to cover Independent Travel . During the trip, it is in contact with the world of ideas and contemplating them. Therefore, the essence of knowledge, according to Plato, is recalling the soul of the ideas that she was once contemplating. True knowledge gives only thinking, and thinking - this is not dependent sensory perceptions autonomous process with remembrance. That is, the learning process is defined by Plato as a dialectic, the art to ask questions and to answer them, evoking memories. The task of philosophy is to rule on spiritual life to the absolute value, that is, the transcendent ideal existence. Wisdom, according to Plato, concludes in understanding the enduring transcendental of ideas.

Ontology, cosmology and epistemology of Plato, in fact, are subordinate, acting as the methodological and ideological base for the main part of his philosophical system we ethics.

Plato believed that the condition of moral acts is true knowledge. It has a soul of true knowledge, which consists of three parts: 1) a reasonable and 2) a strong-willed, and 3) sensual. Well part of the soul - the basis of virtue, wisdom, strong-willed - good courage, and sensual - the virtue of moderation. Harmonious combination of these three parts of the soul, according to Plato, under the guidance of reason and gives rise to the virtue of justice. Plato these oriented self identity, to create a better society-state. He puts the beginning of the public over the personal, so the ethics of Plato organically combined with the concept of the state. According to the three parts of the soul, Plato divides people into three types: carriers virtues of wisdom - philosophers , which should govern the country, courage - a virtue in custody, whose task is to protect the state, prudence (conscientious fulfillment of their functions) - a virtue of the third estate. Justice also is a kind of virtue national.

The study of the philosophy of Plato suggests that in his teaching for the first time the question of the relation of being and thinking, material sense of the essential and ideal-world. Claiming priority ideas over sensuously perceptible things, Plato thus started the line of idealistic philosophy, which in antiquity was further developed at Aristotel and most clearly represented in medieval philosophy.

Speaking of the influence of Plato's philosophical views on the development of the Medicine in ancient Greece, it should be noted that they are the basis of all the idealistic medical systems to the XIX century, including considerably.

"... Plato ... plays in the historical fate of copper particularly important. This ancient teaching is completed, WHO increased, ideal-vitalistic doctrine that way life is in constant interaction of body and spirit, which manages and is matter for their own purposes ... "- so writes the historian of medicine are known C. G. Kovner.

Plato's Academy lasted much longer than any philosophy schools - more than eight centuries. Completes the objectivist-velocity ontological tradition Aristotle, one of the most talented first students of Plato.

Aristotle (384-322. O.E.) was the son of a doctor (Nicomachus) luchil in medical education. Several years as an educator and teacher of Alexander the Great. In 336 O.E. discovered in a grove Lyceum his philosophical school called peripatetical (walking philosophers).

Aristotle for the first time has drawn a distinction sciences by providing each of the these special areas of research, and established the difference between the theoretical (metaphysics, physics, mathematics), practical (ethics, economics, politics) and creative (poetics, rhetoric) sciences . A special merit of Aristotle is to develop tests Lemma logic, theory of categories (identify and analyze ten categories).

In metaphysics is dominated by the classification of causes. Aristotle distinguishes four types of causes: 1) material - substrate from which things are made, and 2) formal - they form manifests itself, forming the essence, and 3) current - source movement and rotation possibilities into reality, and 4) the target ( final) reason - answers the question "Why" and "Why?" metaphysical Coy Aristotle called his philosophy (or "first philosophy"), which was a first, the doctrine of the higher, ie the most common causes or principles, and, second, the theoretical science that studies do not work, and being. Metaphysics by Aristotle , studies being in general, and the "second philosophy" (physics, mathematics) - only certain aspects of life.

Logic also has methodological significance for knowledge. It helps to separate the general from the particular, the truth from the false. Aristotle called induction method of total elimination of private and deduction ¬ s - method of proof of syllogisms. Aristotle gave a special meaning to reason, he considered it a major advantage of human ne ¬ ed the rest of the world. Reason is the ability to think in common, it is caused ¬ lovlivaet human action and shapes his freedom. The will of the assumptions ¬ proposes person's willingness to moral choice based on knowledge of the total. Only man is able to perceive such concepts ¬ ty, both good and evil, justice and injustice. ¬ nym central concept of Aristotelian ethics is a virtue. A common theme, sounding in the ethical precepts of Aristotle, is the desire to find a "middle line of conduct."

Aristotle concludes the classical period in the development of Greek philosophy. In the Hellenistic period (IV from. O.E.-V century AD.) Changes in E rovozzrencheskaya orientation of philosophy, its interest in more concen-dotochivaetsya the lives of individuals.

3. Hellenism, which covers the period from the conquest of Alexander the Great and the fall of the Western Roman Empire describes a follow ancient philosophy. Retaining much of the ancient classics, Hellenism, in fact, completed it. Basic principles laid down by great Greeks were systematized, divorced some aspect of the achievements of the earlier period, concentration of attention on the problem of man and society. Philosophy focused on the subjective world of man.

In the philosophy of Hellenism, when society was subjected to all kinds of social upheaval, there is the peculiarity of schools and trends. During this period, more than philosophy, as they say, is not a torch, leading the seekers of truth: it is, rather, an ambulance, following in the footsteps of the struggle for existence and picks up the weak and the wounded. There seemed to be nothing reasonable in the device of human affairs. Those who stubbornly went looking for somewhere reasonable to yourself and decide how Satan in Milton's:

Mind - a special world. And he himself, in,

Able to turn a paradise into hell and make heaven from hell.

About the time of Alexander the Great was founded four schools of thought: Cynics, skeptics, the Stoics and Epicureans.

The most prominent representatives of the Cynic school - student of Socrates Antisthenes (from. 450 - c. 360 O.E.) and Diogenes (400-ca. 325 O.E.). Antisthenes preached simplification of life, making no demands. He mingled with the common people, considered a refined philosophy worthless. He urged that in order to be closer to nature. By Antisthenes, there should be no government, no private property, no marriage. His followers sharply debated slavery. Not being a complete ascetic Antisthenes despised luxury and the pursuit of pleasure.

Antisthenes fame surpassed by his pupil Diogenes. Very symbolic story of how Diogenes day the fire looking for an honest man. He chased virtue, believed that moral freedom is to free from desire. He claimed that the gods had done right, so to punish Prometheus legendary: he brought to mankind art that created confusion and artificiality of human existence. The world is bad, so you have to learn to live independently.

For the sage most importantly - humility. The views of Diogenes could and can attract people's attention, tired of life adversities that have frustrated kill natural activity of the spirit. Stray and serene Cynic, preached the rule of nature and reason, one essence of all existence and nothingness of all artificial divisions and historical boundaries, advocating the concept of cosmopolitanism. Man by nature, therefore, every man, they taught, has a higher dignity and purpose, which consists in the freedom from external attachment, delusion and passions - in the steadfast courage of spirit.

Another early Hellenistic philosophical movements is skepticism. This occurred during the previous developed based on the ideas of thinkers constant turnover of all the events of existence, contradictions between sense impressions and thinking about the principle of the relativity of all phenomena.

Considered the founder of skepticism Perron (360-270 O.E.), in his view strongly influenced by Democritus. It may be part of Perron in the Asian campaign of Alexander the Great and familiarity with Indian ascetics and sectarian fostered such ethic above all ideas serenity. Perron did not write essays, and expounded his views orally.

Now philosophers interested in the question of how to live in this world, in order to avoid endangering the disaster on all sides. Sage should be called a man who knows and can help you understand how to learn to live: sage - a kind master, but not in scientific knowledge, this craftsman in life. APRONS, philosopher - is the one who pursue happiness, and it is of equanimity and in the absence of suffering. Perron principle: "To follow the principle of refraining from any kind of judgment was about something!" Perron skepticism - it is not a complete agnosticism: absolutely reliable for us our sensory perception, when we see them only as a phenomenon. If something seems sweet or bitter, it should be expressed as follows: "It seems to me bitter or sweet." Abstinence from categorical judgments about the true nature of things, creates a feeling of calmness and serenity. That this is the highest level available philosopher true happiness.

Epicureanism are outstanding representatives of Epicurus and Lucretius Carus. This philosophical attitude direction to the turn of the old and new era. Epicureans were interested in the dispensation of the comfort of the individual in a complex historical context of the time.

Epicurus developed the idea of ​​atomism. According to Epicurus in the universe, there are only bodies in space. They are directly perceived by the senses, and the presence of empty space between the bodies from the fact that otherwise would be impossible movement. Epicurus proposed the idea, very different from the interpretation of the atoms of Democritus. This idea of ​​the "rejection" of the atoms, the atoms move in a "bound flow." According to Democritus, the world is formed as a result of mutual "strike" and "bounce" of atoms. But just the severity of the atoms with the concept of Epicurus and does not explain the independence of each atom in this case, by Lucretius, atoms would fall like rain, the empty abyss. If you follow the Democritus, total domination in the world of atoms needed by being consistently extended to the atoms of the soul, making it impossible assumption of free will of man. Epicurus decides so, he gives the atoms can spontaneously deviation, which are to be treated by an act of the inner man. It turns out that atoms inherent "free will", which defines an "indispensable deviation." Therefore, the atoms are able to describe the different curves begin to touch and hurt each other, twist and untwist, causing a world. This idea made it possible to avoid the idea of ​​Epicurus fatalism.

According to Epicurus, life and death are equally not afraid to the sage: "As long as we exist, there is no death, and when death is, we are no more." Life is the most pleasure. such as it is, the beginning and the end. The soul was thought of Epicurus as the principle of the integrity of the individual elements of the spiritual world of the individual: feelings, sensations, thoughts, will, as a principle of the eternal and bezuscherbnogo existence. The basic principle of Epicurean ethics is fun - the principle of hedonism. At the same time preached Epicureans fun feature extremely noble, peaceful, tranquil and contemplative piece. The desire for pleasure is a basic principle of choice or avoidance. According to Epicurus, if a man take away feelings, then there is nothing left.

Lucretius Carus, a Roman poet, philosopher and educator, one of the greatest epicures. He does not deny the existence of gods, consisting of the finest atoms residing mezhdumirovyh spaces in blissful peace. It is curious that the atoms of Lucretius - not something that Epicurus they - not the limit of divisibility, but a kind of creativity, of which the particular item structure to it, ie atoms - the stuff of nature, involving some outside being creative principle.

Stoicism as the specific direction of philosophical thought has existed since the third century O.E. till the third century. Stoicism is least "Greek" of all philosophical schools. Early Stoics, in the majority Syrians Zenon Kitionsky from Cyprus, Kleanf, Xrisipp. To late of Stoics concern Plutarx, Sitseron, Mark Avrely is basically Romans. Stoics in the views put in the forefront concept quiet and always counterbalanced, even an "insensible" wise man. In it the ideal of internal freedom from passions which cherished almost all Stoics was shown.

According to Chrýsippos (aro. 280-208 O.E.) there is a world soul. It is the cleanest aether the most mobile and easy womanly-gentle, as though the most thin kind of a matter.

The representative of late stoicism Mark Avrely (121-180) has been convinced, that the God gives everyone the special good genius in heads. For it the Universe - closely connected whole, this uniform, live being possessing a uniform substance and uniform soul.

Characterising various properties of soul, stoics special attention gave to a will phenomenon; the doctrine has been constructed on a strong-willed principle, on self-control, patience and other. They aspired to full self-pressure. Stoics started with a principle of general expediency. All has the sense: even bugs are useful, as they help to wake up in the mornings and do not allow to lay too long in bed.

Freedom for the well-known thinker, the writer and politician Seneca is a deity which dominates over all things and events. Nothing can change it. From here humility, endurance and proof transferring of struggles of life. The stoical wise man does not resist to harm, he understands it and with firmness arrives in its semantic fluidity, therefore it is unperturbable and quiet.

Early stoics in the ideas of life followed antique tradition. They recognised that a world body is formed of fire, air, the earth and water. The soul of the world is fiery and air pneuma. All life was thought as different degree of pressure is divine-material firstlight. According to the doctrine of ctoics about fiery elements of essence of the world this fire turns to all other elements under law Logos.

Logos the world at stoics it is identified with Destiny. Under their statement, the destiny is Logos Space: it orders all in the world. Zhenon said, that the Destiny is the power moving a matter. It defined the god as ardent reason of the world: the god fills with itself all world, it the Supreme chapter operating all real.

By the nature, learnt stoics, all human beings are equal. Mark Avrely in the work «Alone with itself» praises of polity, operated on the basis of the equal rights and an equal freedom of speech, imperial board which respects more freedom of the operated.

At stoics we find numerous and is thin the developed logic and grammatical researches: grammar sources - at school stoics. From their point of view, actually philosophical beginning to root in the human subject. But it was not actually subjectivity. Stoics used the term «lecton». It designates that subject which we mean when we use its designation. Lecton when we use it at a designation or the subject name, there can be both true, and false, i.e. it above both trues, and lie. Stoical lecton is only the cogitative design connected with a word, but existence does not possess causally-metaphysical. Lecton is a pure sense.

In summary we will notice the following. Philosophers usually possess known width of mind and basically are capable not to reckon with misfortunes in the private life; but even they cannot rise above the highest good or harm of time. During bad times they think out consolations, and in good - their interests are faster purely intellectual. Ethics stoics corresponded Mark Avrelija's to time: she called more likely for patience, than to hope.



Néoplatonisme - a direction of an ancient philosophy late Hellenism (3-4 century of century), systematising Platon's basic ideas taking into account Aristotle's ideas. Personal specificity neoplatonisme is the doctrine about preservation of internal rest of the person and its protection against a various sort of shocks, characteristic for the given period of history of the Roman empire and connected with it senescence and disintegration. A philosophical core neoplatonisme is dialectics working out platonic triads uniform - mind - soul and its finishing to space scale. So, Aristotle's doctrine about «mind - firstengine» and in its consciousness in which force it acted simultaneously both the subject, and object developed, comprising own «an intellectual matter».

The school founder neoplatonisme - Plotinus (aru. 205. 270). According to the Plotinus, the central outstanding figure of all neoplatonisme - the soul, not is a body, but the soul is carried out in a body and the body is a limit of its existence. Mind too not is a body. But without mind there would be at all no organised body. The matter to be as in the mind as mind is always a certain sort the organisation, and any organisation demands for itself a material without which there would be be nothing to organise because all organisation would lose sense. Therefore it is not surprising, that except a sensual matter exists, on the Plotinus also « astounding a matter», and mind too is a known sort a body, namely a semantic body. Plotinus developed idea of action of "world soul» on all space.

Neoplatonist remained at a stage of the orfiko-Pythagorean doctrine about resettlement and transformation of souls. They a lot of attention gave workings out of logic problems _ definition of concepts and to classifications, and also philological researches.

The most original part of system of view the Dam is the doctrine about the first image - Uniform as the transcendental beginning, which above all other categories. Its such idea is connected with it, as an ascension of soul from a sensual status to supersensual - to ecstasy also.

Any thing beheld as those, is distinct from all another: it - "one", antithetic to all to other, and Uniform is indiscernible and unseparably copresence to all real and all conceivable. Uniform not to be split up in any way, existing everywhere and in all. Thus «from there is nothing light streams». Light the basic image of philosophy a Dam, corresponding to its concepts: «Uniform - light absolutely pure and simple (force of light); mind - the sun having own light; soul - the moon borrowing light from the sun; a matter - a gloom".

The soul also is not shattered into parts, representing something uniform and not a dividend; it is a special, semantic substance. She cannot be thought as a certain plurality of mental statuses. Any individual soul cannot exist independently from all other souls: all individual souls equitant «world soul».

Ideas the Plotinus have been developed Proklo (aro. 410-485) which considered, that the higher type of knowledge is possible only thanks to divine inspiration; the love, to Proklo, contacts divine beauty, the true opens divine wisdom, and the belief connects to clemency of gods. Historical value of doctrine of Proklo, is not so much in mythology interpretation, how much in the thin logic analysis directly not connected with any mythology and representing a huge material for studying of history of dialectics.

The ancient philosophy was the present public force of a classical antiquity, and then and world-wide and historical development of philosophical culture and each new generation, receiving higher education, urged to plunge into this eternally fresh stream young, for the first time itself the identified philosophical thought. The ancient philosophy calls a keen interest each inquisitive person who is excited with philosophical questions. Many problems over which antique philosophers reflected, have not lost the urgency and until now.



The used literature:
1. The book for reading on philosophy history. In 2 т. Т.1. - М, 1924. With. 16.

2. The anthology of world philosophy. Т. 1.4. 1. - М, 1969. With. 295-296.

3. Philosophy//the Philosophical encyclopaedia. Т. 5. - М, 1970. With. 332.

4. Philosophy questions. - 1995. - № 10.

5. Philosophy and outlook. - М, 1990. With. 57.

6. Ovchinnikov B.C. Outlook as a phenomenon of the spiritual life of society. L., 1978.

7. Introduction in philosophy. М: Politizdat, 1989.

8. "Philosophy" Spirkin.

9. Balashov L. E. Philosophy. М: 2003.

10. "Ancient philosophy" Bogomolov.

11. «Introduction in philosophy» Vundt.

12. "Philosophy" Lavrinenko.

13. «Philosophy history. The West-Russia-east» Motroshilova.

14. Saifnazarov I. and oth. Fundamentals of Philosophy .T: Shark, 2005.



15. Fundamentals of Philosophy. Т: the Fan, 2005.
Yüklə 68,37 Kb.

Dostları ilə paylaş:




Verilənlər bazası müəlliflik hüququ ilə müdafiə olunur ©genderi.org 2024
rəhbərliyinə müraciət

    Ana səhifə