Theories & Concepts of Motivation

Theories & Concepts of Motivation

• Theories & Concepts of Motivation

• Motivation & the brain

• Theories & Concepts of Emotion

Motivation: set of factors that activate, direct, & maintain behavior, usually toward some goal

• Motivation: set of factors that activate, direct, & maintain behavior, usually toward some goal

• Emotion: subjective feeling including arousal, cognitions, & expressions

Three Components of Emotions

• Three Components of Emotions

• Physiological-- arousal comes from brain (particularly the limbic system) & autonomic nervous system (ANS)

Research Highlight

• Research Highlight

• Mirror Neurons: brain cells that fire both when performing specific actions and when observing specific actions or emotions of another; this “mirroring” may explain empathy, imitation, language, etc.

Three Components of Emotion (Continued)

• Three Components of Emotion (Continued)

• Cognitive--thoughts, values, & expectations

• Behavioral--expressions, gestures, & body positions

Can you identify the social smile vs. the genuine, “Duchenne” smile? Real smiles involve muscles around both the eyes & cheeks. (Duchenne was a 19th C. neurologist who studied emotions & muscles.)

• Can you identify the social smile vs. the genuine, “Duchenne” smile? Real smiles involve muscles around both the eyes & cheeks. (Duchenne was a 19th C. neurologist who studied emotions & muscles.)

James-Lange: subjective experience of emotion follows bodily arousal

• James-Lange: subjective experience of emotion follows bodily arousal

• Cannon-Bard: arousal & emotion occur simultaneously

• Facial-Feedback: facial movements elicit arousal & specific emotions

• Schachter’s Two-Factor: arousal & label (or interpretation) produce emotion

Cultural similarities & differences: 7 to 10 culturally universal emotions, but each culture has its own display rules governing how, when, & where to express emotions

• Cultural similarities & differences: 7 to 10 culturally universal emotions, but each culture has its own display rules governing how, when, & where to express emotions

• Role of evolution: strong biological, evolutionary basis for emotional expression & decoding